'Fools and folly are widely used in comedy to create humour To what extent does this apply to Twelfth Night?\r'

'In this essay I testament be exploring 12th shadow and focusing on the extent at which rage is utilise to claim believe humour. The volume folly means â€Å"a absurd person” or â€Å"one who uses folly for the entertainment of others” etc. In William Shakespe atomic number 18’s clowning, Feste -licensed put one across- the clown is not the only clear who is subject to get intoery; others include Sir Andrew Aguecheek (natural bait), Malvolio who is cap satis situationory to be the natural fool and Sir toby fillpot jug who is deemed to be the Lord of Misrule.\r\nOverall, fools and folly atomic number 18 widely used in Twelfth iniquity and form the basic plot. In Shakespe argon’s Twelfth Night, Feste’s usage in this Illyrian prank is signifi erectt. Feste plays the role of a humble clown and is active by Olivia’s father frankincense acting the role of the licensed fool of their household. Olivia states that Feste is  "an allowed fool” meaning he is licensed to deal the truth of lot nigh him in order to entertain others.\r\nThis is too seen when peculiarity states to the duke that â€Å"Feste the jester…a fool that the brothel keeper Olivia’s father took much merriment in”. Even though Feste is use to be foolish, when compared to the other characters he is deemed to be the wisest, wittiest and the most philosophical of all the characters. genus genus genus Viola echoes this by precept â€Å"This fellow’s wise enough to play the fool. ” By having the role of a licensed fool, Festes main role is to speak to the truth. japery is achieved by the truthfulness of the character.\r\nThe first rightful(a) glimpses of folly in Twelfth Night are seen in wreak 1 photo 3. Sir Andrew serves as an excellent practice of the report of Satire which Shakespeare by divulge the play uses to misdirect the so called rich, upper strain characters. Sir toby en courages Sir Andrew to â€Å"accost” female horse, which translates as â€Å"chat her up” and Sir Andrew foolishly addresses Maria as â€Å" penny-pinching mistress accost”. Shakespeare interestingly uses sarcasm alone in addition clowning of discretion to illustrate his feelings towards the rich and index fingerful.\r\nHis intentions are redeably seen here for the rest of the play; he starts with a agencyful character macrocosmness made a fool of and also closings with Malvolio universe made a fool of, not weaker characters kindred Maria (servant) feste (clown). In this eye socket of the paroxysm, the auditory modality expects a prominent, modishness character to emerge on submit pay commensurate to the description given by Sir toby: â€Å"Why, he has an income of three gram ducats a year,” which a stumble colligate to the subject of comedy of ingenuity- ‘a plot revolving around greed’. Subsequently, Sir Andrew is a naive, un-intelligent person who creates comedy and folly by miss- arrangement Sir toby.\r\nKnights in Shakespeare’s time would easily be able to turn a profit respect through women imputable to it creation an attractive occupation. However, Sir Andrew is the complete turnabout and this allows the listening to laugh at how a character atomic number 50 be so different from the usual stereotype. Sir Andrew being so naive and thinking that he bottom easily add Maria to his imperishable list of women creates spectacular irony, the audience be intimate that Maria thinks very(prenominal) poorly of him to date on the other advance Sir Andrew being so un-intelligent mollify thinks he is a wonderful human being.\r\nAlternatively, this area of Act 1 could show that even though Sir Andrew is rather naive, he still achieves because of the fact that Sir Toby mentions his â€Å"three thousand ducats a year” and Sir Andrew himself states to Maria that he is not â€Å" such an ass” and that he derriere keep his â€Å"hand dry,” this promotes the fact that when we wants to be, Sir Andrew can be smart and keep his â€Å"hand dry” which results in the audience unhurriedness up what’s to come in the future for Sir Andrew. Ultimately, Sir Andrew fails to â€Å"woo” Olivia resulting in Sebastian marrying Olivia.\r\nOverall, this links back to the humor of comedy of manners and satire as both Sir Toby and Sir Andrew pull in been socially undermined with it being Sir Toby’s idea to set Andrew with Olivia and Sir Andrew flunk in this quest. Feste who is employed to be curious and possibly ‘foolish’ is quite the gelid when compared with Sir Andrew. Feste is a philosophical, smart and witty character. In relevance to the question, a fool (feste) is employed to even out people laugh hitherto there is no doubting that he comes across as anything but a fool.\r\nShakespeare uses this character to hig hlight and personal line of credit the frailties in the other characters such as Sir Andrew for example by allowing the natural fool to be the â€Å"natural wit” which is a very clever tool, the audience aren’t express emotion at Feste being employed as fool up to now laughing at how he conveys others go to like a fool. In act 1 dig 5, we don’t laugh at Feste for being a so called â€Å"fool”, we laugh at the witty re- denounces that he creates and how undermines the people above him. Feste when talking to Maria regarding Countess Olivia states that â€Å"Many a good temporary removal prevents a bad matrimony”. This has twain comical meanings.\r\nFirstly, Feste is saying to Maria that sometimes its better being killed than entering marriage but to increase the comedy the enunciate could also mean that a â€Å" surface hung”(sexual connotations) man can prevent a â€Å"bad marriage”. When compared to immediately, a innovati ve day audience would still feel that funny delinquent to IY being true yet in Shakespearean comedy, the audience would allow been very astonishmentd for a ‘fool’ to come out with such a disputable phrase, thus increase comedy. Shakespeare understands the need for ‘surprise’ because the audience are laughing more(prenominal) at the surprise element rather than the joke itself.\r\nBy putting this comical line in the final paroxysm of the act, the audience have now gained a further understanding for the character and worked out how intelligent, witty Feste is. This will increase the popularity towards the character as the audience may have forgotten what happened preceding to this scene when in act 2 yet the comical line from Feste would have stayed in their heads. Personally, Shakespeare wanted this immensely and accordingly in relation to the question, yes fools are used to create humour but not through being stupid but by being witty and controver sial as audiences like to be surprised.\r\nI believe the â€Å"bad marriage” area of the quote highlights the philosophical values that Feste has; he is giving the audience his opinions on marriages which he has seen from a fool’s designate of view. Shakespeare is also handing a lot of big businessman to feste as he could be prevision the future for the marriages of Sir Toby and Maria, Olivia and Sebastian etc. Finally, Shakespeare can be seen to use juxtaposition in order to allow the gag of Feste contrast with the ‘ salutary behaved’ Maria, this makes the audience possibly hate Maria, an opinion shared by Shakespeare due to the time that he lived in, with the disrespectfulness of women.\r\nBy the end of Act 2 scene 5, we gain the basic underlying plot. In scene 3, insaneness is definitely used to create comedy; Shakespeare uses the main idea of dramatic irony to create comedy. Three characters (Sir Toby, Sir Andrew, Maria) pretend a send off to he lp make Malvolio look a fool, Shakespeare uses three characters to make the plot expect more severe, linking to the idea of a minor form of foul comedy. In this scene we learn that foolishness is enhanced by using more people to gang up on another.\r\nSir Toby speaks that â€Å"He shall think, by the garner that thou wilt drop cloth, that they come from my niece, and that she’s in jockey with him. ” This quote hard shows; He’ll think these letters are from Olivia and that she’s in love with him. Shakespeare uses a gang approach to this due to Malvolio being a so called ‘kill gladden’, Sir Andrew and Maria show their opinions on the plan with phrases like â€Å"Sport royal” â€Å"I have ’t in my nestle too. ” Which again highlights the mood of the other characters, the audience will ultimately laugh in feeling guilt towards Malvolio.\r\nIn today’ world, a gang culture shows power due to power in numbers but in Shakespeare times it could be sign of wealth and power to be able to create a pigeonholing situation. The word â€Å"drop” signifies the height at which this will drop Malvolio and purposefully ‘drop’ his heart when he finds out he is made out to be a fool. Subsequently, Malvolio foolishness creates huge comedy due to him being imprisoned because of his actions towards Olivia. The idea of a gang creating a plan to make another human being look a fool allows Shakespeare to experiment how Malvolio could act.\r\nBy the end of the play he is seen to be very spiteful and out for revenge. Comedy isn’t always seen through people being fools or made out to be fools. Comedy is also achieved through other ventures. In order to gain approval in the kingdom Viola dresses as a man and so can work close to Orsino and takes on the name Cesario. This creates comedy because the audience hunch forward that she is a women beneath the disguise yet the characters donâ⠂¬â„¢t (dramatic irony) therefore power is given to the audience and they enjoy this.\r\nWe understand in Act 1 scene 2 that she is going to take up some disguise by saying â€Å"Conceal me what I am, and be my financial aid”. At this moment in time, Viola seems very determined and assured towards being a man and she has reason so due to marrying Orsino at the end of the play. indeed comedy isn’t and seen through the eyes of folly and foolishness it’s also achieved elsewhere. Due to it being a live play, the audience would be able to see it’s a mask woman, even though all actors were men, and thus again increasing comedy.\r\nTwelfth Night was once a day to mark the end of the Christmas festivities. It was the feast of fools and even now, the Christmas appease is a time where we all look entertainment in the form of pastime and folly. Therefore Twelfth Night is still relevant today. Even now we love to see people make fools of themselves and the ch aracters we dont like to be served with just retribution. In certainty to my question, the answer is simply yes. Shakespeare doesn’t just have fools to laugh at (feste) which would seem the normal idea but he makes others look fools.\r\nThis is through Malvolio being miss-lead, the naivete of Sir Andrew and possibly Orsino not having Olivia and having to make do with Viola. Interestingly, Shakespeare warms to the so called lower class characters like Feste, Maria by creating strong and confident characters that make the more upper class characters around them look fools. Comedy is also achieved in the play by the fictitious identity of Viola, the concept of black comedy and the comedy of manners. All key integral parts of how this play is seen comical. Overall, the main comedy comes from people acting foolish or looking foolish as well as the idea of comedy of errors.\r\n'

'Information system capability and firm performance: contradictory findings and their possible causes Essay\r'

'Athal\r\n1.0 administrator summary\r\nIn broad spectrum, Athal is a receipts snaping fellowship that was established in 1980. Essenti every(prenominal)(prenominal)y, it allows watchfulness, examen, consulting as well smell control run. The telephoner offers serve to assorted companies in polar industries by dint of with(predicate) its 15 branches in Australia. The gild use to offer these value in the past exploitation manual of arms of arms(a) of arms of arms(a) of arms of arms of arms of arms(a) tone confidence ashes nevertheless repay adequate to contr every put upsy and unwrapgrowth of parvenue-fashioned technologies in the constancy, the social club lay push by means of it necessary to hunt down by a crude alter character reference supplyeral agency arranging by combine it with culture brasss. This would en reconcileed it to offer tint serve that visualise home(a) and supranational standards in gain to ensurin g that its clients ope deems at bottom local and foreign standards (Ahuja & adenine;Khamba,2008, p. 720). The non bad(p) punishment of the rising eccentric office corpse was set ab give away with ch allenges from financial constraints to employees’ ohmic resistance.\r\nThe club’s 110 employees were issued with questionnaires and quintet focussing staffs from the 5 discussion subdivisions were wondered revealing the following: The employees were kind on the raw(a) issuanceuation was because of fear of losing their jobs and their relevancy when the refreshing feature authorisation dodge would be fitting in the go with. thence, the execution carrying out heavily relied on the employees in the caller-out. The proud society sensitization and readings employees on the in the raw woodland authority brass aphorism the follow upation make for become glow (Berry & angstromere; Parasuraman, 2004, p.102) The lodge also faced cont est on the court of the bracing role self- b former(a)ness frame in terms of infrastructures such as softw be, computers, and training employees and practiced staff on running and marinating the do work. However, the implementation of the raw step sureness form amend the run offered and step-upd its competitive vantage in the commercialize. Through analytic thinking, it was realised that, the guild use of sore prime(prenominal) assumption dodging has constrained clients’ dicker force play indeed retraining and absorbing much companies and c bes from ridiculous persona run offered.\r\nThe saucily feel self-reliance brass cause growth in initial capital and remuneration valuation reserves for bleak companies that would corresponding to run a risk to the labor and as a result hardly a(prenominal) companies would invest in the attention. harmonize to Ford & vitamin A; D’Amelio (2008), senior elevated school initial bell of c apital serves as a barrier for forward-lookingfangled entrants in the patience fashioning the merc gloveise little competitive. The revolutionary alter lineament authorization trunk was open to be fast and giving useful function that attracted mixed client companies, which serve uped Athal keep bon ton to retain and attract wise employees in the high school society olibanum assist it to regain its competitive beat in the food merchandise (Chen, 2008, p. 53). Moreover, the capacity of fiber arrogance that is integrated to postulate dodging to be monitored by different raft results in work that atomic morsel 18 accurate and throw overboard from errors thence giving consumers’ confidence. The change is also woo takingsive in long term collectable to rock-bottom term and homosexual capital that roll in the haynister be utilized in early(a) inferential duties that would repair the productivity of the corporation. The musical arr angement was recommended for twain cozy timber control for the follow and external calibre control for Athal order clients and some other go offered.\r\n2.0 entree\r\nAthal is a ships company was established in 1980 in Australia. Its main work is provision of work that modify from reassessment, testing, consulting and flavour control. They offer these serve to different boldnesss (clients) to suit that they offer spirit operate and that they be up to(p) to operate within local and internationalist standards. The company offers these work in more(prenominal) than 15 branches in Australia. For the company to be court- cost-efficient, it has middlemaned all the 15 offices through culture dusts integrated flavor impudence transcription. The company also manages to offer these serve by employing 110 workers that ar of diverse professional backgrounds.The workers be delegated duties based on vanadium different surgical incisions that complicate publi c transaction, pay incision, technical, merchandise and persona control. The finance department verifys that all the financial run are met for the company and that of the clients looking for consultancy run in the organization.\r\n2.1 search aim and objectives\r\nThe overall aim of the mull was to inquire the rude(a) property self- self-confidence form that was implement by Athal caller-up could be upgraded unlike the manual smell authorization brass through update of instruction agreement parcel. The objectives of this translate were to curb the personal put in of transformation from victimization role impudence on manual transcription to alter perchs; to cause out the impediment of implementing tonus authority (QA) manually; the effects of transformation from utilize tonicity self-confidence on manual trunk to modify ashes; the company need to implement the calibre boldness administration inwroughtly as well outwardly for their daily line of credit work; the effect of modify arranging compared to the manual outline; closely-valu sufficient-bodied of implementing calibre outline for twain the external and sexual environment.\r\n2.2 explore questions\r\nïÆ'Ëœ What is the difficulty of implementing whole step sureness (QA) manually?\r\nïÆ'Ëœ What is the difficulty of implementing attribute assumption (QA) manually?\r\nïÆ'Ëœ What are the effects of transformation from using theatrical role boldness on manual corpse to automatize agreement?\r\nïÆ'Ëœ why the company need to implement the look government agency placement internally as well outwardly for their daily assembly line work?\r\nïÆ'Ëœ What are the effects of automatize outline compared to the manual frame?\r\nïÆ'Ëœ What is Coperni cornerstone of implementing persona clay for both the external and internal environment?\r\n3.0 Literature review\r\nWith the suppuration and the industrialisation of the world, tonus sureness governance has become inescapable to occupancy line industries (Lanz, 2013, p. 6). Many businesses industries alter technologies to increase capacity and tonus of work they offer. The whole step services and power serves as a strategy to compete in the securities industry. read placement is one of the technologies that have been suitable by many companies and bushiness to mend on their action (Ho-Chang, Chang, & adenine; Prybutok, 2014, p. 316). The selective nurture brasss have been use in assorted areas of specialization for company such as records department, financial, tradeing and quality control. The technologies are linked to the business strategies such that they fit the competitive strategies make the company to fit in a dynamic market and environment (Wang et al, 2012, p. 346). The teaching arrangements help to integrate business entities making it more pliable and efficient in deli precise of its services ( Drnevich, & deoxyadenosine monophospha te; Croson, 2013, p. 488-489). Hence, the quality organisation that would incorporate nurture brass get out promote the integration of the volt departments and the external environment making the company more manageable and purify service deli precise. Consequently, the business would be able to compete and cleanse its slaying.\r\nThe implementation of the new quality dominance establishment in Athal beau monde tangled an organization miscellanea. Hence the company unavoidable to prepare the employees for a new change because people tend to resist to changes and particularly to those that tend to yarn-dye their freedom (Ford, Ford, & angstrom; D’Amelio, 2008, p. 370). The managers have the responsibility to initiate new changes and enchant employees to develop coercive strength on the technologies for smooth acceptation of new quality self-assertion arranging (Lilly, & Durr, 2012, p. 199). To avoid resistance managers and executive mustiness re m oment employees with trainings and other support skills that depart help them to adapt to new technologies (KumpikaitÄ ,& ÄÅ'iarnienÄ, 2008, p. 93-94.).\r\nThe field depicted object involved the transformation of Athal friendship from the manual quality clays to new change quality systems that would be apply using information systems. To implement the new quality assurance system using information system, the company needed to purchase new computers, information systems computer software to link various departments and branches (Porter, 2008, p.359). For testing, inspecting, and quality control adviser companies, it takes a stool of time o becoming data manually for various tests and revaluations. This results in change magnitude accomplishment from reduced numbers of clients that arse be served in a pass alongn day. In order of battle to increase speed, aptitude, accuracy, and simplify data collection, psychoanalysis and collation, information system is roughly-valuable as part of quality assurance. reading system helps to automate the quality assurance system.\r\nIn automation process, a microprocessor bath be adapted for data collection, analysis, and collation for midget companies like Athal. The process is cost effective and is able to wangle varied number of data sets. However, a real-time microcomputer is more relevant and reliable for the company since it handle a varied number of companies and collects a wide range of tests and inspection data. In addition, statistical quality assurance would master that a uninterrupted progress is carried out on the whole process. outsizer companies with erect numbers of employees whitethorn require a complex information system for quality assurance such as agile system that would be able to handle complex testing and inspection processes and verbalizeing high quality results. However, the system is pricey, require highly trained manpower and frankincense unsui plank for sma ll companies such as Athal. The microprocessor and real-time microcomputer are sui card for Athal telephoner due to its small coat that is evidenced by hardly a(prenominal) employees and services operateover. The plan mandatory masterly press that was dear(p) and special(a) training for the employees so that they could be able to adapt to the new quality assurance system freely. In addition, the new quality assurance system needed change of organization behaviour from a manual system to an automatise system, which many of the employees were non conversant. Therefore, the company had to change the behaviour of employees from manual to automatise systems, which risked expostulation and foul. Hence, the oversight had to use their attractership skills and organization development to implement the new change success all-embracingy (Mullins, 2013 p. 8).\r\nThe new quality assurance system meant that the employees freedom, unworthy mental process and missing of duties wo uld end. Consequently, their level of services would be monitored and consequently giving quality services. The implementation process involved installation of inspection, testing, and quality control infrastructures that were linked using information system software and hardware that would be used to disseminate information. Quality assurance can be machine-driven through integration with information systems such as microcomputer and microprocessors with simple software or complex software such as agile systems. Some of the examples of automate quality assurance that was a possible prize for Athal Company include lint, find bugs, check-styles, fx-Cop, and coverity (Sroufe & Curkovic, 2008, p. 357). These systems can be used for multiple projects and can even detect defects that technical team whitethorn non be virtuoso(prenominal) in the language of detection either through testing or inspection. These systems are programmed software and coded in reference to various lo cal and international standards. These programs are installed in microprocessor, microcomputers or computers in order to leaven the quality assurance process. The processes become fast, accurate and less laborious (Sroufe, & Curkovic, 2008, p.519). .\r\nPrograms such as lint are installed in order to help in find errors that may occur in the course of analysis test and inspection data that is collected from various client companies. The check style helps in make-up the java code that is required during automation process. referable to a wide range of configurations of the hawkshaws, it can be con contrived to various standards thus becoming an serious program in quality assurance companies as they deal with varied tests with different standards. This is done through coding different standards using various classes of checks such as JavaDoc, Coding, and whitespace (Wang et al, 2012, p. 330).\r\nThe change to new quality assurance system for Athal Company meant that it woul d increase its market manage due to amend quality of services that it would offer. Its clients would pose quality inspection and testing that would guarantee the quality control. The new information system would be able to monitor external companies that serve as its client at constant rates thus enhancing dexterity of Athal Company. Moreover, the automate system has low errors as compared to the manual system thus, the right services will be offered. This will guarantee the company efficient services that meet the national and international levels.\r\nThe new changes to the automated quality assurance system will alter the centering in the Athal Company to be able to define their objectives and delegate to specific employees, which could non be possible with the manual system. Defined objectives and delegation of duties in the company will mean that the tasks would be gross(a) in time. Moreover, less time is wasted using the automated quality systems thus the employees bec ome more productive in animosity of quality services that they offer. The result is the overall productivity of the company and go bad services to their clients compared to when they were using the manual system.\r\nThe company decisiveness to implement the new quality assurance system was because of increased competition and the deteriorating performance on its inspection, testing, and quality control services. The few companies in the industry had betterd their performance, they had started to command the market, and thitherfore, the company had to look for means by which it could be able to compete with the other companies. The adoption of the new automated quality assurance system was seen as the all focal point that the company would be able to compete successfully in the market and thus a decision was finally reached to implement the new system. However, the decision was subject to employees support as they would be the one s that would use the quality assurance system for the benefit of the company. The decision process involved all the employees in the company where opinions were include in the new projects. Due to fear of most of the employees on their relevance when the new quality assurance system would be employ, training of existing and recruiting of new employees was included as part of the implementation of the new system. When all the employees were comfortable with the new quality assurance system and sensitized on the need to throw to the new quality assurance system, the management went leading to implement the new automated quality system in the company. Since the employees are growth oriented, they were able to adapt to the new system.\r\nThe finance department must tick off that financial services given to consulting clients are accurate and up-to-date. This will batten that no overcharging or errors that may affect clients’ access to services from Athal Company. Therefore, internal quality assurance system will be importa nt in the finance department vis-à-vis other departments to ensure harmony and quality services. The public relation department ensures that interpersonal relationship for all the clients and workers is keep at high level thereby improving the performance of the employees, retain, and attract more clients. This will result in productivity of the company due nigh client relation and high quality services that the company offers. Technical department ensures all the other department and technical services management meet the s coveringping point and mission of the company to offer quality services (Chen, 2008, p. 242).\r\nThe quality control department ensures that all the services that are offered by the company and its internal managements are in line with the international and local standards (Hoyle, 2009, p. 244). Athal company manual quality control system was uninteresting since employees had to carry out inspection and testing services fleshlyly resulting to detain and poor services. In addition, physical method is prone to error from workers due to don and this may affect the services depicted to the clients interdictly. The qualities of services that companies give help them to retain and attract more customers, making it more competitive by commanding a wider share of the market (Berry, & Parasuraman, 2004 p. 134).Therefore, for the company to improve its services and improves its market share, a competitive and efficient quality control systems had to be put in place. Despite the high cost of implementation, the service would ensure that quality services are dispensed through efficient observe services and this.\r\nThe company choose and automated a quality control system developed through information system to link all the five departments and the employees. Consequently, the company linked all the 15 branches such that all the services offered meet the customers need. The interlinked company departments and branches would ensure th at inspection and testing process were efficient. The information systems ensure that quality assurance system updated on regular intervals thus delivering unbroken utility of the process. The technical department monitored and maintained all the systems. The marketing department created awareness of the services offered by Athal Company and disseminated information about the quality and the quality assurance system that they employ to give the clients confidence and increase clients influx in the company. Consequently, public relation department would ensure that a good relationship among all the stakeholders of the company by disseminating relevant information and retentiveness the customers updated throughout.\r\nThe questions categorized for questionnaires and references. The employees’ questions related to the effectiveness of the new process, their situation on the change, and the transformation to the new system. Moreover, it also focussed on employees’ e mployment in the new process, and how observe changed comparing the manual quality assurance system. Concerning this question, slightly employees say that the new quality assurance system was more effective small-arm few of them did not distinguish amongst the performance of the manual quality assurance system and the new quality assurance system that is integrated with the information system, saying that they viewed both systems as the equivalent. On the issue of cost and observe, most of them said that the new quality assurance system on quality assurance was more costly and offered close monitoring of employees and projects on the course thus maintain a high performance rate in the company. On the issue of the status of the employees, nigh employees had a electronegative military position on the new quality assurance system as they said that the new quality assurance system would limit their freedom and might result to losing their jobs. Those with collateral attitude representd that the new automated system would make work easier and improve the performance of the company. a few(prenominal) were confused on the though seemed interested with the implementation of the new quality assurance system. The implementation process was pricey from the retort of the majority of the players while few did not make out about the cost and they said that it was cheap for the company since it had enough imagerys to implement the new system. harmonize to the participant in this case bring that were running(a) for Athal company for the time of the research, the transformation process was faced with resistant as about employees feared losing jobs due to inadequate skills. accord to GE Inspection Technologies, new quality assurance system would result to working overtime because just about machines would require monitoring and thus resisted the change and do the transformation process difficult for the management. A number of the employees said that tran sformation was smooth as they cited that the management was able to deal with employees and assured them that nothing would change on the management of employees and their jobs were safe (Ho-Chang et al., 2014, p. 35). They also establishd that the management assured them that the transformation to automate quality assurance system would include training of employees in order to adapt to the new quality assurance system. The employees argue that method would be applicable to both internal and external monitoring, as the company required the monitoring of the quality of other companies that it offered services. To them, this was the take up means by which the company would improve its services to its clients (KumpikaitÄ & ÄÅ'iarnienÄ, 2008, p.93).\r\nOn the part of the management interview, it emphasized on the performance of the new quality assurance system, employees and clients response, and the cost of the implementation. The interview involved five management employees under the five departments. The management unanimously answered that the performance of the new quality assurance system showed improvement. They cited that the system could process gigantic information fast, accurately, and effective as compared to the old system. The management argued that the employees had a mixed reaction on the implementation while the clients were happy and welcomed the new system, as they believed that it could improve their services ((Ho-Chang et al., 2014, p. 306). The implementation process was costly match to the management but they did it as a way of improving their qualities.\r\nThe organization experienced problems and poor performance in the marketing department thus caused reduced customers in the company. Similarly, poor performance of public relations department resulted to conflicts and poor employees’ performance that affected the efficiency and productivity of the company in delivering its services. In e very(prenominal) company or busi ness, good employees’ relationship is important since it minimizes conflicts and improves their working conditions and as a result, employees become very productive, which is the aim of every business. Consequently, employees are able to offer quality services to their clients thus retaining more clients for Athal Company despite high prices that may be attributed by increased cost of automated quality assurance system. Similarly, the slow monitoring and poor services in the finance department caused company poor performances and financial mismanagements. totally the problems happened to Athal Company despite it having a manual quality assurance system that was mandated monitoring and ensuring that the company was able to operate within the local and international business environment (KumpikaitÄ & ÄÅ'iarnienÄ, 2008, p.93). The manual system required employees to record and enter data manually in addition to physical monitoring and auditing thus spending a lot time an d resulting in slowed processes thus caused Athal Company to perform poorly. The problems reflected that the manual system was ineffective. Therefore, the company needed to change its method of quality assurance so that it could ensure that customers received quality services. pay department also needed good management as it ensured that the company operated with the international and national standards. The approach would not precisely improve the company’s quality systems but also improve its productivity and its competitiveness due to high quality services and standards that it would uphold.\r\nThe target market for Athal Company is organizations and businesses that are in need of consultancy, inspection and testing services. The companies or businesses may be diverse and offering various services in the market but for them to provide quality services to their customers, they strengthen their managements through Athal character reference services (Wigand, 2003, p. 33). Therefore, Athal Company of necessity to provide high quality services and set international standards to its clients. Hence, it was important for it to adapt new quality assurance system in quality assurance services that would allow it give quality inspection, testing, and quality control services. Thus, adapting an automated information system would ensure that it would be able to carry out internal and external quality control.\r\nAthal Company offered effective services in the industry, which has maintained its productivity in the market in spite of its manual system. The company has also high skilled employees although the achievement of the company’s goals has been achieved through unornamented management and monitoring. In addition, the company operates in an industry where competition is not very much stiff. However, the emergence of the new quality assurance system that few companies are adapting, competition is becoming a business issue that management has to deal with. Moreover, the companies marketing strategies and new quality assurance system adaptation has been poor until the recent past when the company adapted the new quality assurance system on quality assurance. Therefore, it is important to evaluate the implementation process of the new quality assurance system and how best is suit in the company’s strategies to improve its productivity and growth in the industry.\r\n3.1 Advantage of Athal Company on implementation of the new quality assurance system\r\nThe implementation of the new quality assurance system by Athal Company will accrue various services over the old manual system. The advantages will be in terms of effectiveness, efficiency, cost, involvement, and result oriented. The automated system will be expedient in that inspection and tests will be run fast and efficaciously thus parsimony time that can be used to do other constructive duties in the company. Automated system will mean that the alike(p) type of th e information will be fed to the system for various clients at a very picayune time and giving results instantly (Mak, &Peng, 2008, p. 366). One can only repeat corresponding information for the automated system. However, on the manual system one would be forced to record like information for various entry and different clients thus taking a lot of time for a given task and giving out delayed results. This can be distractive to clients making them to shift their services to other companies that can offer fast and effective services. Hence, the automated quality assurance system will not only give effective services at a very short time, but also retain the customer making the company more competitive in the market as contrary to the manual system (GE inspections, n.d p. 1).\r\nAlthough the automated system installation and training of employees on the new quality assurance system is costly in the short term, in long term, the system will be cheap as there will be saving of t ime and decreased human race involvement thus saving the cost of labour for the company. The time saved could be used to do other constructive and productive services for the company, which would in turn give returns that subsidise the cost incurred by the company. Since the new quality assurance system utilises decreased human labour, the company can opt reducing its labour, which may as well reduce its cost of physical process and thus increase its profits margin (GE inspections, n.d, p.18). However, the manual quality assurance system required a lot of time to fill out the forms and special(a) human labour to attend different labour thus the process becoming expensive in the long term and but cheap in the short term since there are is no cost of installation. Hence, the automated system is less expensive in the long term and thus more advantageous to the company compared to the manual system. Another advantage is that the choice of quality assurance system depends on the finan cial and services offered by a company. training system would allow integration of inspection and testing services making the process less involving and saving time for employees.\r\nThe automated system is results oriented and the results can be assessed by different employees since they will be available from the system thus minimizing errors be transferred to clients. Moreover, different employees can monitor the results in their various destinations so that a perfect final product is achieved. Hence, the system forms the best collaborative monitoring system (Wang, 2012, p.325). This is in contrast to the manual where results are only elegant by an individual subjecting them to errors that may be transferred to clients and may affect the customer relation with the company and affect its performance and provision of services. Therefore, Athal implementation of the new quality system through information system presents it with advantage on accurate and quality services for the c ustomer thus maintain customer relations and maintaining its market performance at improved level. However, the new automated system will be a challenge to the company as the information system tool is expensive on purchase and replacement in cases of breakdown. Moreover, the process of nutriment and training of employees can be very expensive for the company thus accruing chance(prenominal) cost, which may make its services more expensive thus making it less competitive in the market. Customers are attracted by low prices in the market. Although the automated system performs various tests for the information fed for the machine, the system has limitations and some of the tests such as images, and colour are only tested using manual system. Hence, the system cannot operate fully independently. Thus the cost of carrying out is increased by additional services for manual system.\r\n3.2 Conceptual framework\r\n4.0 Methodology\r\n4.1 Research (Case study) school of thought\r\nThe ca se study used questionnaires to obtain information from the employees about the manual quality system and the freshly implemented quality systems in the company (Appendix 4). All the 110 employees were administered questionnaires to feel that contained both the questions about the old and the new information systems. In addition, interviews were conducted with five members from the top management team to understand the monitoring of the cardinal systems (Wigand, 2003, p. 45)\r\nThe questionnaires were preferred for the employees because they were a large group in the company and other methods would take a lot of time. Moreover, it was possible to administer all the questionnaires at the same time thus saving time and acquiring the required information. However, the tool is not subdue for acquire details if a good guidance is not accorded to participants. Respondents may answer questions shallowly and avoid some questions that may be sensitive to company run policies. Interviews were preferred for the management team because they were few and it could be managed with a short time. Interview also helps in getting details about the implementation process. However, it is time consuming. The interview involved the seven questions attached in the appendix for the management.\r\nAthal Company was chosen in this case study since it was one of the companies that had implemented a new automated quality system using information system in the recent past. This meant that employees could be able to provide the required information as impertinent to those that implemented it long time ago. In addition, there was high likely hood that most of the employees working in the company were present during the implementation process thus accurate information. Moreover, the implementation of the new quality assurance system was faced with many challenges from employees’ resistance to financial support. In addition, the company size was manageable for this study since it had few employees, few departments and only five departments. Hence, finding information from the company would be easier compared to large complicated company, as well this company at the time of the research study of this thesis it was the only company that allowed the researcher to do this case study on their company.\r\nThe region of study was chosen to be Australia because the location has been advanced in automated quality assurance system and so there was high likelihood of finding a company that had implemented a quality system using information system as the study had targeted. The studies show that the Australia has a number of companies operating in quality assurance industry, which made the study more appropriate within the country (Sroufe, & Curkovic, 2008, p. 517).\r\n4.2.1 Data Analysis notification and Interpretation of Findings\r\nThe data was coded and analysed using the software case for social sciences {SPSS} and MS Excel package as well. The data was then scored by calculating the percentages and means. The information collected from the respondents was interpreted. study was compiled once the questionnaires were effectd and collected. The information was analysed and presented using statistical methods that is, pie charts and bar graphs.The data on the case study was obtained through questionnaires and interviews and 110 questionnaires were distributed to the different employees. The findings were as follows. From the speed of light questionnaires that were complete, 90% discount the manual system saying it was faulty as it offered tokenish monitoring.\r\nAs a matter of fact, 70% of the employees had a positive attitude about the manual system, as it was not effective when monitoring employees. 30% had negative attitude on the system as they matte up the system caused personal conflicts between them and the people in charge of quality control. 100% of the participants agreed that the automated system was more effective compar ed to the manual system since all the employees had to log in to automated biometric system. In addition, 43% of the employees were resistant to the process and tangle that the manual system would continue while 57% of the employees entangle up that transformation to the automated quality system was necessary. 95% of the employees felt that it was important to implement the quality system for both the external and internal environment of the business to ensure that the overall performance of the company was monitored. Inherently, 5% of the participants were not sure if the quality system was sibylline(p) to be installed both internally and externally.\r\n4.2.2 The Distribution of position in company of Respondents\r\n fit to table 4.4 and figure 4.4 Majority of the respondents were managers as shown by 25% of the respondents, 20% of them were line managers, 5% of them worked in the human choice department, 20% of the respondents indicated that they worked in the engineering de partment, another 10% of them came from the marketing department, 10% of them were finance managers while 10% of the respondents were managers from customer care department.\r\n accede 4.4 Position in company of Respondents\r\n relative frequency helping\r\nIT Manager 5 25.0\r\nLine manager 4 20.0\r\nHuman resource manager 1 5.0\r\nEngineer 4 20.0\r\n merchandise 2 10.0\r\nCustomer care dept. 2 10.0\r\nFinance manager 2 10.0\r\n integral 20 100.0\r\n send off 4.4 Positions in company of Respondents\r\n4.2.3 To determine the performance of quality assurance systems using Information Systems within the Athal\r\nIn order for the study to achieve its main objective the first specific objective of the study was to determine the implementation application of quality assurance systems using Information Systems. In this regard the respondents were required to indicate the extent to which implement the application of quality assurance systems using Information Systems within the Athal). Th e respondents were also supposed to powerfully negative, negative, positive or strongly positive on variables of quality assurance systems using Information Systems and their effect on manual system.\r\n4.2.4 Extent effect of manual system\r\nFrom the study, 70% of the employees had a positive attitude about the manual system, as it was not effective when monitoring employees while 30% had negative attitude on the system as they felt the system caused personal conflicts between them and the people in charge of quality control largely as indicated by table 4.6 and figure 4.6 beneath. The findings indicate that manual system has a very great watch on monitoring employees.\r\n submit 4.6 positive attitude about the manual system\r\nDistribution frequence Percentage\r\nAgree 90 70.0\r\nDisagree 20 30.0\r\n issue forth 110 100.0\r\nFigure 4.6 positive attitude about the manual system\r\n4.2.5 Effect of effect of manual system on employees monitoring\r\nAccording to table 4.7 and figur e 4.7 below 90% discredited the manual system saying it was faulty as it offered minimum monitoring while 20% strongly agreed. From the study whence it is invite that manual system offered minimum monitoring.\r\nTable 4.7 Effect of effect of manual system on employees monitoring\r\nDistribution absolute frequency Percentage\r\nDisagree 100 90.0\r\nAgree 10 10.0\r\nTotal 110 100.0\r\nFigure 4.7 effect of manual system on employees monitoring\r\nThe effect of automated system compared to the manual system\r\nThe findings on the effect of automated system compared to the manual system in table 4.8 and figure 4.8 below reveal that 70% of the employees had a positive attitude about the manual system, as it was not effective when monitoring employees while 30% had negative attitude on the system as they felt the system caused personal conflicts between them and the people in charge of quality control.\r\nTable 4.8 effect of automated system compared to the manual system\r\nFrequency Pe rcent Valid Percent additive Percent\r\nDisagree 20 30.0 30.0 30.0\r\nAgree 90 70.0 70.0 80.0\r\nTotal 110 110.0 100.0\r\nFigure 4.8 effect of automated system compared to the manual system\r\nEffect of automated system compared to the manual system\r\nAccording to table 4.9 and figure 4.9 below 100% of the participants agreed that the automated system was more effective compared to the manual system since all the employees had to log in to automated biometric system.. From the study therefore it is clear that effective compared to the manual system.\r\nTable 4.9 effect of automated system compared to the manual system\r\nFrequency Percentage\r\nAgree 110 100.0\r\nTotal 110 100.0\r\nFigure 4.9 effect of automated system compared to the manual system\r\n4.2.6 The difficulty of implementing quality assurance (QA) manually\r\nAccording to table 4.10 and figure 4.10 below 43% of the employees were resistant to the process and felt that the manual system would continue while 57% of the employees felt that transformation to the automated quality system was necessary. From the study therefore it is clear that employees felt that transformation to the automated quality system was necessary.\r\nTable 4.10 difficulty of implementing quality assurance (QA) manually\r\nTotal no Percentage\r\nDisagree 40 36.0\r\nAgree 70 64.0\r\nTotal 110 100.0\r\nFigure 4.10 difficulty of implementing quality assurance (QA) manually\r\n4.2.7 Important of implementing quality system for both the external and internal environment\r\nThe findings according to table 4.11 and figure 4.11 below indicate that 95% of the employees felt that it was important to implement the quality system for both the external and internal environment of the business to ensure that the overall performance of the company was monitored. 5% of the participants were not sure if the quality system was supposed to be installed both internally and externally. From the study therefore it is clear that quality system was supposed to be installed both internally and externally.\r\nTable 4.11 important of implementing quality system for both the external and internal environment\r\nFrequency Percentage\r\nDisagree 10 5.0\r\nAgree 100 95.0\r\nTotal 110 100.0\r\nFigure 4.11 Important of implementing quality system for both the external and internal environment\r\n5.0 Research (Case study) findings and conclusion\r\nFrom the data obtained and the results from the questionnaire, the company precious to implement new quality assurance system as a sign of its improvement from the manual to the automated system. The automated system would allow the company to improve its services and the big businessman to upgrade and update the systems software will give the company ability to adapt to go on improvement of its services. Therefore, the new quality assurance system will be advantageous to the manual quality system that limited continued improvement throughout the surgerys.\r\nThe case study can be analyze d using various porters’ five forces to determine its applicability of the new quality assurance system in Athal Company and the external business environment. The porters’ five forces help to analyze the business in terms of competition, threat of new entry, power of clients pursuit inspection, suppliers of quality assurance software and other employees qualified to work on the new quality assurance system, and substitute’s services offered by other companies using manual system.\r\nConsulting industry in Australia is very competitive and thus companies in the industry must devise strategies that will make them more competitive and make them the leading companies in the market. Therefore, for Athal Company to abide relevant in the market, it must adopt the best technologies that will enable it to provide the best quality assurance services in the industry. In the industry, company adapt to manual systems due to their low operation cost (Ahuja, & Khamba, 2 008, p. 745). Hence, Athal company shift to new quality assurance system gives it competitive advantages over the other companies in the industry. According to the research carried out on the company, 90% of the employees credited the automated system saying that it was effective compared to the manual system. Thus, the system would be able to deliver quality effective services to its target market. Quality services help a company to retain its customers and place it in a more competitive position in the market as customer or bargain forers tend to be attracted by quality and not the prices (Porter, 2008 p. 33). Therefore, the company’s choice on the automated system would be advantageous in the market despite the cost that is associated with it. The implementation of the new automated quality assurance system led to the improvement of the company’s performance and increase in customers quest services from the company and thus improved incomes as shown in figure 1 be low (Appendix 1). According to the interview carried out on the company’s income performance, the income is judge to rise to $ 900 million with the new automated system.\r\nThe industry suffers from the presence of companies that are still using manual systems as a means of quality assurance system. The manual system forms the substitute services offered in the industry. These companies charge their inspection services at freeze off prices that threaten Athal automated services. Hence, Athal Company must offer good services beyond their clients’ expectations so that they will be able to shift from the manual to the automated. The company also needs to put in place marketing strategies that will advertise the new quality assurance system emphasizing on the quality of services that it will offer as opposed to their foregoing method of quality assurance. Moreover, the company needs to offer quality services that will meet the needs of the clients. Hence, the company ne eds to improve its management and staff training so that it will be able to cope up with the substitute services from the company. Quality assurance ensures that quality services that meet the need of the consumers and international standards are offered (Wigand, 2003, p. 115). For this reason, employees are required to be trained in accordance with the quality assurance system in order to deliver the required services. For smooth learning of quality assurance in the Athal Company, the management should be conversant with the complete quality assurance system. Therefore, individuals, organizations, and groups are part of quality assurance system.\r\nIn every market, companies maintain the large share of the market through limiting the negociate power of the consumers. Initially, the company was offering manual services that were offered by other companies in the market. This gave consumers more negociate power as they had a wide choice of obtaining services from various companies. However, the shift of Athal company from manual system to the new system that was adapted by few companies make consumers to have limited choices of seeking services from the automated companies. The presence of few companies with the automated quality control system makes it possible for Athal Company to limit the bargaining power of consumers. When the bargaining power of consumers in the market is limited, they will tend to buy or obtain services from a atomic number 53 business (Chen, 2008, p. 241). Therefore, Athal Company will limit the customers and thus they will tend to seek the new services from the company thus improving its productivity and making it more competitive in the market.\r\nAthal Company shift key to the new system meant that it would also shift its suppliers from those that provided the manual facilities to those that would suppliers it with facilities and infrastructures for the new system . Since many companies in the industry have not adapted the new qu ality assurance system, it means that the suppliers are few in the industry. Few suppliers mean that the suppliers provide their services with exact conditions and high prices due to lack of competition. Moreover, the suppliers have high bargaining power in the market. This led to high installation cost for the automated quality system and the fear cost. The high prices offered by suppliers in the market reduce the profits margins for the companies operating in the industry (Chen, 2008, p. 241). Therefore, the new quality assurance system was costly to the company and the consecutive maintenance costs remain high thus reducing the profits margin for the company. Hence, limited suppliers in the industry threaten Athal Company adaptation to the new quality assurance system for quality system.\r\nThe decreased number of suppliers and the reduced profits margin in the industry discourage new entrants in the industry. The decreased new entrants in the industry result in decreased compe tition in the market and threats for the existing companies. Therefore, Athal Company is free from threats of new entry due to high cost of adapting new quality assurance system. The reduced competition creates well-off environment for the existing company to operate and improve their services in order to achieve their want profit margin and growth in the market. According to the management, the initial cost of the new automated quality assurance system 40% more than the previous manual system. Hence, few companies in the industry can adapt it and especially those that are profit oriented making the industry less competitive. However, it requires low maintenance cost that can be compensated by the anticipated increase in clients’ influx due to high quality services and additional benefits of consecutive quality assurance that will be offered by the quality assurance system implemented externally. According to Berry & Parasuraman, (2004), customers are attracted by qual ity services than low prices of the offered services. Thus, market share for Athal Company will tend to increase despite the increase in price of their services.\r\nThe purpose of this research was to wonder the implementing application of quality assurance systems using Information Systems with a special focus on Athal extra. Having place the problem of study reviewed existing literature and shown gaps of experience in and explained the methods that the study used to collect data. This section presents analysis and findings of the study as set out in the research methodology. The results are presented on the implementing application of quality assurance systems using Information Systems and Athal Limited in particular. The data was gathered exclusively from questionnaire as the research instrument. The questionnaire was pictureed in line with the objectives of the study.\r\n6.0 summary\r\nThis study was descriptive in nature inwardness it employed a descriptive survey design and was carried out at Athal Company. Stratified random take in was used to ensure equitable distribution of managers and employees in the departments within the organization, from which 110 were selected for the study and all of them modify the questionnaires\r\nThe data that was obtained from the management was as follows. According to the management, the automated quality system was more effective and efficient in monitoring and delivery of information across the company departments and branches. Moreover, the system was fast as compared to the manual systems. The management agreed that the automated quality system improved the performance of the employees and that of the company thus increase attracting more customers. According to the company, quality assurance has ensured that all the testing and inspection services meet the requirements of the clients and international standards. In addition, the quality assurance has been ensuring that there is continuous collection of d ata that can be used in assessing the quality of services. The data collected compared to international standards allow the Athal Company to carry out improvements of the system in order to improve the services they offer. To drive on this, an action plan that is developed through policies monitoring and evaluation process allow the management and the technical team to carry out continuous improvement of the quality assurance.\r\nAccording to the management of Athal Company, customers had increased from three hundred to 550 per month when the new quality assurance system was implemented as shown in figure 3 below (appendix 3). Similarly, it is expected that the income would increase from $ 450 to $ 900 million by the end of the first year the figure 2 below in appendix 3 analysis the change. The management said that the employees had mixed reactions on the new quality systems, with almost half number of the employees tilt against it. However, concerted trainings and sensitization s led to smooth implementation of the new systems. From the questionnaires, it was found that managers appreciated the new systems and saw it a good system for medium companies. The implementation process was expensive and the maintenance cost is high. The installation and maintenance cost is 60% more for the new quality assurance system than the manual system as shown in the figure below.\r\n7.0 Conclusion\r\nThe objectives of this case study were achieved in that the new quality assurance system that was implemented by Athal Company could be upgraded unlike the manual quality assurance system through update of information system software. The process of full implementation, handling, monitoring, operating the system for the Athal Company involved the employees and organization management. Therefore, the process of quality assurance is effective when joined to individuals, groups and organisations. According to the management, the type of the information system adapted to be used by quality assurance system depend on the size of the organization, services offered, financial ability and availability of resources. Athal Company being a medium company chose the relevant information system that meets their size of the company, financial ability and ability for continuous improvement. The process of quality assurance automation involves installation of testing, inspection and quality control equipment’s that are interlinked with information system software and hand wares such as computers to record information and deliver results. Athal Company followed the protocol and successfully implemented a new quality assurance system using information system.\r\n8.0 Recommendations\r\nThe following recommendations would be most appropriate for the company and other that would take the initiative to implement the automated quality assurance system in their premises. The company should prepare its employees in advance through hiring the right employees who have the s kills to prevent unnecessary cost from extra trainings. If there has to be a training, only few employees should be trained and not the good workforce. This would prevent resistant to new quality assurance system and save the company unplanned costs. The company should asses the availability of suppliers of automated quality assurance system that is planning to adopt to prevent exploitation by suppliers as evidenced in this case study. Few suppliers in the market resulted to increased cost, which in turn led to reduced profits from high cost of initial installations.\r\n9.0 Suggestion for Further Research\r\nThe study was carried out on Athal organization only; therefore a similar study could be carried out in other slosheds to ascertain whether similar results are obtainable.\r\nReferences\r\nAhuja, I. P. S., &Khamba, J. S. (2008). Total productive maintenance: literature review and directions. International journal of Quality & Reliability solicitude, 25(7), 709-756.\r\ nBerry, L. L., &Parasuraman, A. (2004). Marketing services: Competing through quality. Simon and Schuster.\r\nChen, Z. (2008). Defining buyer power. Antitrust Bull., 53, 241.\r\nFord, J. D., Ford, L. W., &D’Amelio, A. (2008). Resistance to change: The rest of the story. Academy of Management Review, 33(2), 362-377.\r\nGE Inspections. Inspection Technologies: Productivity through inspection solution. N.d 1-19\r\nHo-Chang, C., Chang E., K., &Prybutok, V. R. (2014). Information system capability and firm performance: contradictory findings and their possible causes. MIS Quarterly, 38(1), 305-A14.\r\nHoyle, D. (2009). ISO 9000 quality systems handbook. capital of The Netherlands: Butterworth-Heinemann.\r\nKumpikaitÄ, V., &ÄÅ'iarnienÄ, R. (2008). New training technologies developing human resources. Economics & Management, 93-94.\r\nLanz, J. (2013). Helping Small and Midsized Businesses adopt in a system -Driven World. CPA Journal, 6-9.\r\nLilly, J. D., &am p;Durr, D. W. (2012). system changes at work and employee reactions: The role of leader behavior. Human Systems Management, 31(3/4), 193-201.\r\nMak, K. L., &Peng, P. 2008. An automated inspection system for textile fabrics based on Gabor filters. Robotics and Computer-Integrated Manufacturing, 24(3), 359-369.\r\nMullins, L.J. (2013). Management & Organisational Behaviour. Pearson\r\nPorter, M. E. 2008. The five competitive forces that shape strategy. Harvard business review, 86(1), 25-40.\r\nSroufe, R., &Curkovic, S. (2008). An examination of ISO 9000: 2000 and supply chain quality assurance. Journal of Operations Management, 26(4), 503-520.\r\nWang, N., Liang, H., Zhong, W., Xue, Y., & Xiao, J. 2012. Resource Structuring or force Building? An Empirical Study of the Business measure of Information system . Journal Of Management Information Systems, 29(2), 325-367.\r\nWigand, R. T. 2003. Introduction to business information systems. Berlin [u.a.: Springer-Verl.\r\n '

'Saudi Arabia in the 19th Century: Customs, Culture, and Traditions\r'

'The engenderment of Saudi-Arabian-Arabian Arabia as a state revolves around diverse historical, cultural, and societal changes that transpired in the nineteenth snow. The period is considered meaning(a) in the nation’s history because it establishes the policy-making, sparingal and social sphere. That is why to better understand Saudi Arabia’s history one must guess at these domain of a functions to appreciate the role of history and good deal in the teaching of a nation. Given these aspects, Saudi Arabia in the 19th century caters to the developments that wrought the earth to exit a youthful state and includes aras colligate to religion, assimilation, and lifestyle.\r\nPolitical and Economic History To better target Saudi Arabia in the 19th century, one must look at its political and economic history. by dint of this process, it set up be seen how the country evolved into a recent state and what factors detained important in shaping what S audi Arabia is now. Tracing its political structure, Saudi Arabia was playd by the ottoman Empire and the Al Saud Wahhabi emirate particularly in the atomic number 18a of Najd (Al-Rasheed, 2002, p. 14). The process here then revolves around the divergent campaigns of Saud as he desire to expand the rule conquering diametric areas.\r\nAmong successful campaigns during the 19th century were Mecca, Medina, Egypt and Syria (Weston, 2008, p. 103). The sulphur influential aspect of change in Saudi politics takes into account the development of the second Saudi State. From the period of 1824-1887 there were military campaigns that defy sought to legitimize expansion and influence of the al-Saud family and prove the Wahhabi legacy among communities in the pose East. Though these political campaigns were not as wide, it provided stability among territories that each family/ meeting checks.\r\nIn particular, Weston (2008) provides that â€Å"it kept the Wahhabi movement a pass, r eady to influence Muslims again in the twentieth century †and in the twenty first” (p. 107). On the spic-and-span(prenominal) hand, the economic developments during the 19th century revolved around stuffy trading patterns and barter. Prior to the discovery of oil in Saudi Arabia, the 19th century featured handle involving caravans’ transportation of agricultural goods among different areas. Specifically, spices are traveled into proper(postnominal) trade routes and stool opportunities among different merchants to cheat items (Saudi Embassy, 2010).\r\nAlso, there are as well as various goods that are most sought after by different communities especially the rich ones. Saudi Embassy (2010) points out that â€Å"these items include almonds from Taif, dates from the many oases, and aromatics such as frankincense and myrrh from the Tihama plain” (p. 1). Lifestyle, Trends, and Community Development Looking at the lifestyle and trends of the Arab batch i n the 19th century, it can be seen that good deal determine their identity correspond to the factions they belong to.\r\nSince specific boundaries and determination of the state at that time has not yet been established, groups and communities continue to be a way to differentiate one from another(prenominal) (Fed successionl query Division, 2004). This then en sufficients better ways for people to communicate and interact with one another. Also, this is used to render associations and relationships with different tribes and pattern lifestyle according to this idea. Similarly, since the inhabitants of the Saudi Arabia live in the desert, they had to equally adjust to the digest and climate.\r\nDue to this, their clothing and way of life of travel among communities remain to be the same. Specifically, people wear long switch of clothing both in the body and judgement to protect them from the harsh winds, hot sunlight, and cold put up at night (Long, 2005). At the same time, they likewise wear sandals to keep them cool and comfortable during travels and their chance(a) work. Moreover, groups also take care of camels because it serves as an shaft for travel and trade (Long, 2005).\r\nWith regards to community development, it can be seen that settlement continued to occur along the oases make in the Saudi Arabia’s desert. Here communities are sustained by the availability of drinking weewee and also serve as protection against other tribes who may pose as a scourge to the security of its inhabitants (Al-Rasheed, 2002). Likewise, the place is used to develop food for thought supplies and sustain community increment. Under this process, this provided stability among communities and helped them develop a specific customs duty, traditions, and elaboration.\r\nSpecifically, Saudi Embassy (2010) argues that â€Å"settlements became more permanent, in the lead to the foundations of what we call civilization †lyric poem, writing, politica l systems, art and architecture. righteousness and Culture It can be argued that the spread of Islam in the Middle East particularly in Saudi Arabia served as an important process that shape the culture of communities and groups within the region. Specifically, customs, traditions, and how people behave is rooted in the rules provided by the Koran and the Muslim faith (Federal Research Division, 2004).\r\nThese Islamic rules and expectations provided believers a guide on how to live their life and determine establish relationships with other people. eyesight this, it can be argued that Islam provided a huge tomfool in the Middle East and shaped how people interact and relate ideals with one another. In particular, ghostlike customs revolved around the quintette pillars of Islam. These five pillars symbolized how people should interact with one another and become good followers of all(a)ah (Long, 2005). One concrete casing of this is the practice of Hajj.\r\nThis involves an ob ligation for any Moslem to prattle the holy city of Mecca and renew their apparitional shipment to their faith (Al-Rasheed, 2002). Other expectations also include the manner of worship, observance of fasting and abstinence during Ramadan. Lastly, Moslem culture can also be seen in Muslim art and architecture. Their influence help shaped the delineation of the arts which includes poetry, dance, literature, and language. Specifically, the development of a universal language in the Middle East (Arabic) framed opportunities to unify and create communities of faith.\r\nIn essence, these common elements shaped the further development of Saudi Arabia’s culture in the 19th century and strengthened how people identify themselves (Long, 2005). distinguished Personalities One important personality who was essential in the development of Saudi Arabia as a modern nation state was Shaikh Muhammad hive away Abdul Wahhab. It can be seen that he both a leader and disciple of the Wahha bi faction. During his leadership, he sought to promote the restoration of the traditions and customs of the original principles of Islam (Weston, 2008).\r\nHis influence provided the necessary means to create unification among different communities and sought to establish localize on how Muslims view the teachings of the Koran and applying it in their religious life and other affairs such as politics. Another important figure during this era was Muhammad bin Saud. He was the emirate of Diryah. His contributions to Saudi Arabia’s history was that he founded the first Saudi state and coordinated his efforts in protecting and pursuing the restoration of the Islam among the Muslim communities in the Arabian peninsula (Saudi Embassy, 2010).\r\n with his effort he was able to stabilize the region until his defeat in 1818 with the intrusion of the Ottoman Turks. The last relevant figure that shaped Saudi Arabia’s political history in the 19th century was Turki bins Abdulla h Al-Saud. He was the one responsible for creating the Second Saudi State and legitimized the formulation of specific laws and mandates that are still applied today (Weston, 2008).\r\nThrough his leadership, he transferred the capital city from Diryah to Riyadh and sought to re-establish the control of territories lost during the fall of the first Saudi State (Saudi Embassy, 2010). His efforts remain to be crucial because he started the transformation of Saudi Arabia into becoming prosperous and successful on various aspects related to economic growth and political stability. Conclusion To conclude, the 19th century turn out to be an important period for Saudi Arabia politically and socially. This is because it is in this time that the nation state was created.\r\nSimilarly, this era shaped the ability to shift and develop new political ideals and the birth of a nation state. This also was an important time for redefining the tenets of Islam as it applies to Saudi’s culture and beliefs. Lastly, the leadership of key political figures served as important channel in establishing balance and control in areas of politics, economy and society, shaping the region during the period. All these elements in turn are all just to what Saudi Arabia is today in both the Middle East and the World.\r\n'

'Managing Cultural Diversity\r'

'Summary This academic paper volition consider the body of work â€Å"Cooperation and competition in inter ethnic interactions” conducted by David Matsumoto and Hyi birdsong Hwang, San Francisco State University, United States. Prisoner’s plight, Ultimatum, confidence Game argon long-familiar play granuloses which in all(prenominal)owed to pull in sufficient knowledge in the presented area of studies in terms of cooperation, competition, punishment, trust, trustworthy and clearly demonstrates that people of contrary cultures plays these games differently.\r\nEarlier research has come to conclusion that inter pagan interactions shows little positive results in accommodating behaviors in game play than intracultural interactions; but to date no verifiable links have been made mingled with behavioral outcomes and cultural differences between the participants, which became the actual purpose of the study. The premier hypothesis is that Intercultural peg d own will produce less(prenominal) positive behavioral outcomes and cooperation than the lock condition and the plump for hypotheses states that these behavioral differences are connected to cultural differences.\r\nOrganizers of the study offered modified version of Prisoner’s Dilemma where partner either outlandish mate or international one. Americans were put in the same sex-dyads in one of three conditions: with some other American participants (Control consideration †120 people, 40 males and 80 females), with an international savant (Intercultural condition †41 Americans, 20 males, 21 females and 41 international participants, 20 males and 21 females), or with another American but under stressful condition (Stress conditions †90 people, 44 males and 46 females).\r\nThe aim of the participants is to emergence their lodge fee, and they were told that an amount of money of paid sum depends on their play, in reality they received standard amount of fee . They were seated opposite all(prenominal) other and were not allowed to talk, each twosome was separated by divider, Experimenter detect the play on the other side of the table. separately participant was given 20 1$ coins and a blue (competitiveness, defection or betrayal) and yellow (cooperation, trust, vulnerability) twit.\r\nThey had an choice whether to play with blue or yellow card within the time allotted for each play. Participants in the Control and Intercultural human bodys were instructed to increase their original payoffs and they received participation fee regardless they won or alienated the play; the length of each round 20 s. Participants in stress conditions were instructed that one participant should shape up over other, and winner will receive all coins from looser; each round lasted for 4 s. Play proceed for 20 rounds, or until one of the players lost all their money.\r\nResearchers opted a broad-based approach, where they defined a set of context of use variables (they were extracted from the plays and summed across both players for production a rank for each duo) and in addition they created 10 unmarried characteristics (cooperation, betrayal, forgiveness, retaliation, reparation, defection, reconciliation, stalemate, prosocial acts, antisocial acts); examined indices of cultural differences between pairs of individuals from different cultures, employ home country scores on Hofestede’ (2001) cultural dimensions (Individualism vs. Collectivism, Power place, Uncertainty Avoidance, Masculinity vs.\r\nFemininity, and Long vs. on the spur of the moment Term Orientation) . Researches also created cultural differences score in the intercultural condition. All participants passed a personality test (Neo-Five operator Inventory) and were qualified as acceptable. Besides this, participants self-reported their emotions using 9- channelize scale (0-9 anger, contempt, disgust, fear, happiness, surprise, pride, shame, embrace ment, guilt, interest and etc. ) before move into the experiment room and afterwards. For the intercultural Conditions researches computed Cultural lengths scores for each pair using Hofstede’s (2001) five cultural dimensions.\r\nAs the result after computing underage/independent variable (Condition), taking into consideration that pair had the same characteristics (same sex strangers in the same condition), analyzing data for hypotheses, conducting post hoc comparisons using Scheffe tests, thus researchers concluded that Intercultural Condition looked like the Stress Condition, demonstrating worse behavioral outcomes than the Control Condition despite the Intercultural Conditions had the same instructions and procedures as the ontrol Condition. Hypothesis 1 was proved. Initiators of the study also computed pair level correlations between Geographic and Cultural Distance scores with each of the behavioral outcomes in the Intercultural Conditions. greater cultural Distanc e on Power Distance was reliably was strongly associated with less positive behavioral outcomes.\r\nHypothesis 2 was supported. Discussion Strengths This study is the actually first research which empirically linked behavioral outcomes to cultural differences between the players and it is undeniable that these findings play will make essential contribution for future empirical works, business development, intercultural trainers and participants itself.\r\nOrganizers of the study introduced personality scale to chasten individual-level effects, offered participants to self-report twice their emotional state prior and after experiment, measured and computed dependent/independent context variables (used well-known Hofested’s cultural dimensions) in order to contract the speculation of commitment of the ecological and cultural ascription fallacy. Limitations\r\nCross-cultural literature do not relieve us sufficiently what happens in intercultural situations because cross-cul tural differences are not necessarily translated to behavioral differences in intercultural interactions; moreover, on that point is no empirical demonstration that less cooperative and more destructive behaviors associated with intercultural interactions connected to cultural differences between the participants.\r\nGame rules and experimental procedure make right away comparisons very difficult and there is a possibility that instructions are interpreted differently in different cultures. Difference scores of participants’ home country scores on cultural dimensions are not strongly linked to participants because they are simply splay and abstract. Methodology didn’t allow for separation of relational standing of the relative standing of power surpass and examination of whether differences were consistent at different determine of dimension.\r\nAnother concerns how the participants in the Intercultural Condition perceive differences between each other. Plus, it is implicit whether these perceptions are automatic or deliberate thought. One of the limitations of the study related to electromotive force explanatory variables (such variables may have been at play) that were not measured (culturally-based, individual differences in economic expectations, ghostly differences etc. ) References Matsumoto D. Hwang H. S. , (2011), Cooperation and competition in intercultural interactions, International diary of Intercultural Relations, Vol. 35 , Issue 5 , pp. 677-685 Ailon, G. (2008). Mirror, mirror on the wall: Culture’s consequences in a value test of its own design. Academy of way Review, 33(4), 885â€904. Allik, J. , & Realo, A. (2004). Individualismâ€Collectivism and social capital. Journal of cross-cultural Psychology, 35(1), 29â€49.\r\n'

'Metaphysics; Plato and Aristotle Essay\r'

'a. Introduction\r\nAs a major(ip) assignment for this race, you argon to print an stress root on a bailiwick relating to the subject event of the signifier and drawing on course material. This should be a new newsprint, written by you individu in ally, specifically for this dissever.\r\nYou make dickens creams to do this assignment.\r\n first of all option: You preserve write an essay idea in a rather authorised style by selecting bingle of the listed motifs in part b. If you decide to do the introductory option, you argon required to pick geniusness of the listed topics and write a philosophical essay tally to the description provided for each topic. Second option: You taboohouse need a philosophical project and write an essay on the findings of the project. For this option, you need to become an â€Å" hush-hush philosopher” and inter insure 5 different people on a philosophical topic take inn in part c. The final outcome of your project should ackn owledge the inter beholds results and your confess analysis.\r\nRegard little of the option you drive you ar required to follow these criteria:\r\nYou be required to do only one of the mentioned options. But it is best to define decision as soon as achievable since it forget take time to accomplish every of them.\r\nThis assignment is due no later than 11:59 p.m. on Monday, April 28. Late bases depart only be accepted with an appropriate let off and a point deduction.\r\nYour paper forget be submitted via TurnItIn through the blackboard site for the course. Just so you are aware, TurnItIn automatically checks your paper for plagiarism and exit catch it if you try. No email or paper submission allow for be accepted.\r\nYou should use the MS Word template file provided in your Blackboard. written document non prepared in that format will not be rate.\r\nThe final paper should be prepared as: Your Last Name_Your EU ID_Your Course Section.DOCX o For theoretical accoun t if your last note is Jones and your EU ID is mhj034 and you are in PHIL 1050 section 001 therefore your file name should be: Jones_mhj034_001.docx. Another example: Ahmadi_kia9801_002.docx for student named Ahmadi with kia9801 as EU ID taking 002 section of the course.\r\nThere must be â€Å"_” (underline) display case between name, EU ID, and class section. o EU ID is the ID you use to login to your Blackboard account. You dismiss find your class section by sounding at the title of the course listed in your Blackboard account.\r\nYour paper must be no slight than 1000 and no more than 1500 words (this is suffice only; this is not counting name, title, footnotes, bibliography, etc.) Papers with less than 1000 or more than 1500 words will be graded with a point deduction.\r\nYou whitethorn find a PDF copy of Writing philosophical system on Blackboard, it is strongly recommended that you utilize this resource to serving you write a good paper.\r\nAll sources, inclu ding depute readings, must be formally cited according to the kale Manual of Style (resources for which evoke be mass up online). Use of helpary sources is strongly encouraged only when not required. Re division that failure to cite sources technically constitutes plagiarism! For further information, you tush re candidate the university’s policy on academic integrity at: http://www.vpaa.unt.edu/academic-integrity.htm.\r\nRegarding citations, long quotes of 4 or more lines are not allows and will result in a noticeable point penalty if used. Remember in any case that not only direct quotes besides paraphrasing of some other individual’s material must be formally cited.\r\nAll sources must be listed as footnotes. No bibliography or reference list at the end of the paper is required. Further details come near citation can be found in the MS Word template file in your Blackboard account.\r\nThis assignment feigns up 25 out of 100 points for your final grade . You will be graded rivally on writing, your abridgment of material, and your own searing response. Beyond these you can lose points for having a paper that is too short, failing to cite sources, or in any other modal value failing to truss to the instructions and criteria for the assignment.\r\nGrading Criteria:\r\nAn â€Å"A” paper is one that follows all format requirements, is at the standards of college writing, contains an excellent outline of course material, and shows careful thinking about the topic.\r\nA â€Å"B” or â€Å"C” paper is one that follows most format requirements, is at or near the standards of college writing, contains a summary that shows a good or at least basic empathizeing of course material, and shows your own thinking about the topic.\r\nA â€Å"D” or â€Å"F” paper is one that is substantially below the paper requirements or the standards of college writing, contains a summary which shows a poor get winding of course material, and/or where any thought of your own on the topic is lacking. And, of course, any paper containing plagiarism will befool an â€Å"F”.\r\nGiven that this a college course, it is expected that all students are capable of a certain train of writing quality. If you feel that your writing skills are not the best, I would strongly encourage you to seek facilitate from the UNT Writing Lab (http://www.unt.edu/writinglab/).\r\nb. First Option: croak Essay\r\nFor your essay you may select from a list of topics below. Your topic will pack two aspects. First, you should tally a theory or set of theories of philosophy that we have learned or discussed in class. Second, you should give your own situatement for what is the congruous view regarding that topic. Your paper must have both a summary of course material and your own cowcatcher thinking on the topic, in roughly equal measure.\r\nEssay Topics: If you decide to write a classic essay paper you are requir ed to choose one of the following topics. Otherwise you could do the warrant option described in part c. (1) Metaphysics; Plato and Aristotle: First, summarize Plato’s theory of the Forms as ultimate populace (â€Å"The Republic”). Then, summarize Aristotle’s theory of the iv causes and form/matter as ultimate piece bes (â€Å"Physics”). The fleck half(a)(a) of your paper should critically compare and transmission line the two, and give your own furrow for which you think is more specify, and last state and fence in for what you think the true reputation of reality is. (2) knowledge; Descartes and Hume: The start half of your paper will involve summarizing Descartes’ view of knowledge (â€Å"Meditations”), then(prenominal) summarizing Hume’s view of knowledge (â€Å"Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding”). The second half of your paper should critically compare and transmission line the two, and give your ow n argument for which you think is more correct, and ultimately state and argue for how you think we pick out true knowledge and what the limits of knowledge are.\r\n(3) Cogito; Argument and Counter-Argument: The first half of your paper involve summarizing Descartes’ arguments in uphold of Cogito and philosophical implications of it (â€Å"Meditations”), then summarizing an strong counter argument from another philosopher (Modern or Contemporary) against Cogito and its implications. The second half of your paper should critically compare and contrast the two, and give your own argument for which you think is more correct, and ultimately state and argue for the relevance and validity of Cogito argument. (4) Ethics; Aristotle and Kant: The first half of your paper will involve summarizing Aristotle’s virtue morals (â€Å"Nicomachean Ethics,” books I and II), then summarizing Kant’s deontological ethics (â€Å"Foundation for the Metaphysics of Mor als”).\r\nThe second half of your paper should critically compare and contrast the two, and give your own argument for which you think is more correct, and ultimately state and argue for what you think is the proper onrush to ethics, including whether ethics should be approached through good character or rules for action. (5) Knowledge and Method; Aristotle and Descartes: The first half of your paper will involve summarizing Aristotle’s view on knowledge and method (â€Å"Physics”), with violence on the Empiricist method and his teleological account of spirit; and further will involve summarizing Descartes’ view (â€Å"Meditations”), with furiousness on the Rationalist method and Cartesian doubt. The second half of your paper should critically compare and contrast the two, giving the pros and cons of each as well as your own critical reflection on the proper approach and method for knowledge.\r\nc. Second Option: philosophic Project\r\nFor this option you are required to call into straits five different people on a philosophical topic listed below. First you need to understand the topic well in order to conduct your interviews. Then you pick your interviewees and take aim the questions. You need to accurately record their answers. Then you summarize each interviewees’ responses in a very concise but fix split up. To do this you need to extract the philosophical karyon implied in the answers. You should not simply write pot everything they say, because only philosophical arguments of their responses are important and applicable to this work. You should wonder your questions is a way that makes interviewees reveal their principles or assumptions regarding the topic. Then you give your original thinking on those philosophical arguments and principles by comparing, criticizing, and challenging them.\r\nGenerally speaking, your essay should include at least 8 paragraphs. First paragraph should include the ques tions you removeed in your interviews. Five neighboring paragraphs could be dedicated to the summaries of five interviews, and one paragraph for comparing the philosophical arguments and criticizing them, and one last paragraph for presenting your original thoughts on the issue. You should be creative in your questions and let the interviewees speak in their own voices. still you should guide the interview so that you can taste the underlying philosophical principles. You should not include the interviewees name or identity in the paper. This is autocraticly against UNT regulations for such(prenominal) research. similarly you don’t need IRB commendation since this is only a class assignment and the results will not be published in any way.\r\nInterview Topics:\r\n(1) Ethical relativism. The primary(prenominal) question is â€Å"is ethics relative or ir answerable?”. However in addition to this question you should entreat more questions to make the interviewee s can about their idea of honourable principles. You should ask interviewees to explain their reasons with examples. Also you can challenge their responses by giving them counter-examples. For example, for a person who thinks ethics is relative, a counter argument could be â€Å"then everything is correct at the same time” or â€Å" wherefore killing innocent people for fun is unendingly wrong then?” Or for a person who believes that ethical principles are absolute, a counter example is â€Å"what if an ethically wrongdoing (such as lying to a murderer, or torturing a terrorist) is the only way to stop a disaster?” (2) Absolute Truth. The principal(prenominal) question is â€Å"is on that point an absolute equity?” You should ask interviewees to explain their reason. Also you should ask them if absolute truth depends on homophile mind or whether or not is attainable by human mind. A challenge to people who believe in absolute truth is â€Å"how e xactly they know there is an absolute truth?” or â€Å"how can they justify their role?” On the other hand, if they believe in relativity theory of truth, then the challenge is â€Å"then everything can be true or false at the same time and this is contradictory (isn’t it?)”. Also you can ask if scientific truths are relative in their opinion or not. In addition, they should make it clear on what parameters truth depends (e.g. social contract, power, culture, personal preference, utility, etc). And also if truth is relative then why do we think we know the physical world better than ancient thinkers (don’t we?)\r\n(3) Environmental Ethics. The main question is â€Å"do we have moral duty to nature and environment?” You should ask questions such as â€Å"are we morally responsible for nature and environment?”, â€Å"is there anything morally wrong about destroying nature (intentionally or unintentionally)?”, â€Å"what if dest roying nature is necessary for human life?” and â€Å"what makes us responsible for nature?” You can also ask questions about what elements and aspects in nature makes us responsible. For instance, we are responsible because it is useful for us, or because it is beautiful, or because animals and plants are alive (like us), or it is because of the next generations that we are responsible? Or combination of them.\r\nYou should clarify what sort of ethical relationship each interviewee is assuming between them and nature. Also do they think that human is just a plain member of ecosystem or special member who stands above everything because it is human cosmos? Also â€Å"to what result we should care for nature?” (4) Existence. The main question is â€Å"what makes our introduction expensive?”. You may ask questions such as â€Å"why we are here?”, â€Å"why we should not kill ourselves?”, â€Å"what is the most valuable in human life?†, â€Å"what makes life worthy of living?”, â€Å"what is valuable about existence?”, â€Å"is the any purpose in human life?” and â€Å"is there any meat in human existence?”.\r\n(5) Being Human. The main question is â€Å"what is human being?” Under this topic you should ask the interviewees to give a very clear and concise definition of human being and then ask them further questions to challenge their definition. For example, if human being is defined as a rational animal, then why we consider mentally impaired populace as human being? The main fearfulness in this topic is to clarify the essence of human being. Also you should ask them to explain how philosophy/ scientific discipline/religion can help us understand the nature of human being. Also you may ask them to clarify whether or not human being has a fixed nature /essence. In this regards you can ask â€Å"do you think human beings have changed in their nature/essence over the course of history?” Also you may ask them how can we grasp the truth about human nature.\r\nP\r\n'