'Critically examine the relationship between war and underdevelopment' Essay

'Critically examine the relationship between war and underdevelopment' - Essay Example Before analyzing the impact of war on development, the present paper will first provide a precise discussion of factors that cause war. Structural and determinist explanations of the causes of war or violence suggest that circumstances compel people to involve in war. There can be several economic factors relating to grievances, inequality or scarcity; social issues relating to some kind of ethnic, religious or gender differences; or political factors like incompatible claims to power, resources etc. Some other explanations look at the agency problems and claim that war results from the choices that people’s agency choose and their fight is quite rational. If the previous two approaches of explaining the causes of war are combined, then it can be said that people’s choice of getting into violence or war is shaped by the prevailing circumstances, which may be based on some conflicting interests or differing rationalities among groups. There is no doubt that war has numerous negative impacts on social, political and economic life of people. Many people are of the opinion that war negatively affects development of a country or region. Huge costs are involved in war. There are a lot of studies which have described several negative effects of war. Among various types of costs, the economic costs are the most important ones that directly affect the developmental process of a country or region. According to Dreze and Gazdar (Dreze and Gazdar, 1991, p. 930), the economic and welfare consequences that resulted from UN-Iraq Gulf war was more severe than the suffering that resulted directly from the war. There exists a distinction between direct and indirect costs of war on human welfare. Direct costs imply the destruction that the war causes to the civilization, while indirect costs are those that are realized in the later periods. During war several economic strategies are undertaken which produces huge impact, mostly in a negative way on the development. For

Marketing creating hedonistic consumers

Marketing creating hedonistic consumers Within the academic and the marketing world it is recognised that there is debate on what role the discipline of marketing plays in the creation of hedonistic consumers. The most extreme debates come from those who hold opposing views. This paper will look at some of these polarised views and perspectives in regard to consumer behaviour and will argue that marketing has not created hedonistic consumers that such a stance does not allow for the complexities of human behaviour and motivations and does not take account of the dynamic nature of consumer society. We agree there are associations and parallels in the development of both consumerism and marketing but there is no evidence to prove cause and effect. According to Armstrong et al (2009, p8), wants are the form human needs take as they are shaped by culture and individual personality. Wants are shaped by ones society. Therefore, consumer wants are not shaped solely by marketers. Conversely, Solomon et al (2006, p21) highlight that marketing is often criticised for employing techniques that convince consumers that they need many material goods and that they will be unhappy and inferior if they do not have these necessities. Do marketers give people what they want, or do they tell us what we ought to want? Marketing is often assumed to be responsible for our consumer society and its hedonistic approach to consumption, and as a consequence undermines other cultural values by promoting a materialistic stance. For many commentators it is the dark side of marketing and worthy of review as it diminishes the marketing professions reputation. 1.1 Definitions Before defining hedonistic consumption, it is useful to define the philosophy of hedonism. This is a school of thought that says the pursuit of pleasure is the most important thing in life, that views man as being motivated by the desire for sensual pleasures therefore this quest for the good life becomes mans driving force. The hedonistic consumer can be viewed as pleasure loving or self indulgent person with a high level of consumption, more preoccupied with their own material goals than thinking of the wider view of society. Hedonistic consumption is the multi-sensory, fantasy and emotional aspects of consumers interactions with products. (Soloman, 2006, p39). This element of fantasy is crucial to this theory as it is the imagined pleasure that attracts the consumer. OShaughnessy and OShaughnessy describe this as the general agreement that consumer pleasure lies not so much in the physical sense as in the total emotional experience. So the pleasure and happiness is real even though the experience can be imagined in the consumers brain. From a negative point of view Migone, 2006 views it as a highly wasteful and discrimatory pattern of consumption that predominates in current capitalist models. Hedonism and Fantasy The role of fantasy in hedonic consumption is key and whilst academics view it from different perspectives they do agree that it plays a pivotal role in pleasure seeking. Gabriel and Lang (2006) are of the view that Western consumption many agree is a realm of seduction alluring and glamour. As goods leave the world of production to enter the sphere of display, circulation and consumption, they become objects of fantasy and instruments of pleasure. Whilst Abercrombie states that lives are organised around fantasies and daydreams about consuming; they are hedonists, primarily interested in pleasure, and sensual pleasure at that they are individualists, largely pursuing their own ends and uncaring about others.(Abercrombie, 1994, 44). Campbell (1987) in The Romantic Ethic and the Spirit of Modern Consumerism described the key aspect in the creation of the hedonistic consumer as being one concerned with the power of the imagination, he highlights the differences between what was regarded as the traditional view of hedonism and the modern view. He suggested that traditional version was a hedonism of a multitude of pleasures, of the senses whilst modern hedonism seeks pleasure not in sensation but in emotion accompanying all kinds of experiences. The pleasure lies in the meaning of the experience to the individual. This is the form we are dealing with in postmodern culture. Campbell suggested that the consumer as hedonist must be able to derive pleasure from every item they come into contact with and everything must be orientated to that end. That consumers are in a constant state of unsatisfaction, an ongoing state where we are dreaming about something new however this is linked to the other defining factor of modern hedonism that disillusionment comes from the disappointment when the imagined pleasure are always greater than the actual. When anticipate the enjoyment and pleasure that we will gain when we finally purchase and wear the new phone/watch/car we have been day dreaming about buying, our pleasure is often not as we imagined and is fleeting. We have moved on to dreaming about the next better version and start to feel bad about not having it. Consumerism good or bad? Underpinning the debate on whether marketing has created hedonistic consumers is the view on whether consumerism is a positive or negative force. Some celebrate the rise of the consumer, taking the view that consumerism is the essence of the good life, that a consumer society allows us personal freedom, power and happiness through our ability to choose, acquire, use and enjoy our material objects and experiences. Seen as a sophisticated, mature individual who seeks enjoyment in life: by making choices and exercising freedom. (Gabriel and Lang, 2006, p8). Others are concerned that consumerism is associated with reduced consumer well being, partly in terms of quality of human relationships and levels of happiness. That those focused on materialistic values have lower personal well being and psychological health. (Kasser,2002). Abela (2006) furthers this argument indicating that hedonistic consumerism shows an association between marketing practice and the harms of consumerism may be greater than it is generally believed to be by marketing academics. 3. Claims against Marketing Too much interest in material possessions is the responsibility of marketing? Critics have argued that the marketing system encourages too much interest in material possessions. people are judged by what they own not who they are. (Armstrong et al, 2009 p.552). Critics dont view this as a natural state of mind but one created by marketing. In answer to this claim many marketers would argue that this alleged ability of marketing to create needs is wishful thinking and is overstating marketings scope. In support of this it follows that marketers are most successful when they appeal to existing wants rather than when they attempt to create new ones. Also that people seek information when making important purchases and mostly do not rely on a single source (Gabriel and Lang, 2006). However, todays mania for goods is learnt not instinctive according to Naish, 2002. On a deeper level our wants and values are influenced by many factors including family, peer group, religion, ethnic background and education. If modern society is highly materialistic, these values arise out of socialisation processes that go much deeper than business and mass media could produce alone (Gabriel and Lang, 2006). OShaughnessy and OShaughnessy (2002) argue that accumulation of material possessions is a consequence of wealth. Marketers create artificial needs? According to Solomon et al (2006), some conservative traditionalists are of the view that advertising in particular, contributes to the moral breakdown of society by presenting images of hedonistic pleasure. Conversely, leftists argue that they same misleading promises of material pleasure function to buy off people who would otherwise be revolutionaries working to change the system. OShaughnessy and OShaughnessy (2002) note that wants must be created and that there must be an underlying appetite for the product in the first place. Solomon at al conclude that while marketers do not create artificial needs, they do contribute heavily to the socialization of people in contemporary society and thus to the establishment of the social system of needs. Consequently marketers must take a share of responsibility for the development of society. Marketers promise miracles? Consumers are led to believe that via advertising that products have special properties; they will so special things for them that will transform their lives. Soloman et al argues that the manipulative effect of advertising is often overstated, however does concede that there is little doubt that advertising creates and changes patterns of consumption. They offer the view that the main affect may be that the idea that we are defined by our consumer choices is perpetuated by the advertising medium. The impact of fantasy and imagery in influencing buying OShaughnessy and OShaughnessy (2002) cite Baudrillard (1981) who suggested that due to the new technology of electronic media we now have a world where the distinction between real and images has become blurred and consumers are viewed as non-rational who gravitate to instant gratification. The claim is that the consumer thinks that this is the reality, however according to OShaughnessy and OShaughnessy there is no proof to substantiate the claim. Image saturated environment pressing consumers to buy The sheer insistence and multiplication of marketing messages is evidence to critics of marketing. The sum of the mass effect on consumers pushes them in a hedonistic direction. However consumers are sophisticated and selective, they take notice of the products that attend to them. (OShaughnessy and OShaughnessy,2002). Consumerism and Identity Many cultural forces have been accused of having a role in the creation of hedonistic consumers the marketing of Hollywood and Celebrity culture are named often in the debate. Its is recognised by psychology that our ability to weigh desirability and value is knocked awry if the item is endorsed by a well known face. The part of the brain involved in trust and learning is activated and as a result we feel like we are their acquaintances and we want to be like them. (Naish, 2008). We chose carefully who we copy and why and have evolved to emulate the most successful, maybe why many of us feel compelled to keep up materially with celebrities. Consumption, is it addictive? Lasch (1991) takes a pessimistic view believing that western consumerism, sustained by mass production and celebrated in the mass media, amounts to a mechanism of addiction. Though Migone (2007) concedes that rather than marketing being at the root of this addiction: it is due to technological advances which facilitated large scale production which in turn leads to large scale consumption. Consumerism and loss of Community Naish notes that only modern capitalist countries concentrate on material greed. In pre capitalist societies the highest worths was ascribed to things like family, clan, religion, honour not shiny new objects. This he says relates to our most base instincts which are the need to relate to others and feel part of a community. According to Naish, man has lost his moral framework, sense of community and lifes higher meaning, so that now all that remains is our thirst for possessions and pleasure. That being a hedonistic consumer does not make us happy and has a detrimental effect on our human relationships. Critics have linked this loss to marketings lack of focus on these types of human values. In defence of Marketing Consumerism and Wealth The 80s recognised a triumph for consumerism old moral restraints on consumption (frugality, thrift and guilt) swept aside by an extraordinary, credit lead consumerist boost (Lee, 1997). Gabriel and Lang recall that greed lost some of its pejorative and puritanical connotations, in reference to the 1980s. Consumption and Identity It has been said that consumers take identity from their possessions. Consumption has expanded to fill the vacuum left by the decline of the work ethic. Bauman (1988) also argues that consumption is the new pioneer frontier in which individuals may successfully assert themselves, with no insecurity and not harming others. Shopping is not merely the acquisition of things: it is the buying of identity. (Clammer,1992). This is another view that consumer consumption comes from within. Also the general rise in disrupted families has been linked to new ways of forming identities through goods how negative the effects are depends on the underlying motives. Human Nature Naish believes we are genetically programmed to always want more. In prehistoric times its been discovered that cave dwellers had collections of axe handles, that these were the Jimmy Choos and Ferraris of their time. Important to note that OShaughnessy and OShaughnessy argue that marketing materialism are interdependent and that marketing helps precipitate materialism and materialism in society advances the development of marketing. According to Bauman, (1999) the major contributing factors to hedonistic lifestyle are pervasive insecurity and uncertainty fear of the future and the ecology of the planet; danger- threat of terrorism and wars; decline of family breakdown of traditional institutes such as family as one of the main cultural reference points. It has been argued that marketing creates hedonism by creating wants. This begs the question can wants be created? According to Moore (1994) materialism and hedonism were not invented by consumer marketing; they were there before its advent. Although, it has been widely acknowledged that consumers have latent wants that can be activated, but recognise that they have a great ability to filter information. Marketers often chose hedonistic appeals, but marketing in itself is simply an orientation and a set of tools that are value neutral and can be used to proselytise any perspective. (Cook, 1992). Social commentators have noted that that pursuit of pleasure is mans natural position and it goes against human nature to deprive oneself and that accumulation of material possessions is due to the fact we have the means to indulge our wants. However they agree there is an acknowledged link but no proven cause and effect but this is viewed as marketing being in the role of facilitator not creator. Marketing and Economy Marketers have accused critics of taking the hyper real world of marketing, advertising and dreams too literally. Arguing that freedom of choice is better for consumers and is a fundamental underpinning of our economic system. Stimulus-response model of buyer behaviour This widely accepted model of consumer behaviour illustrates that whilst marketing stimuli are important so are as are culture, politics, economics and technology. These come merge with consumer psychology and the individual consumer characteristics. These are interlinked and conclude with a final selection of a product. This model is illustrative of the fact that marketing stimulus is only part of the consumer behaviour process. (Please refer to appendix 1). The Future Western style consumerism is facing and creating serious threats ecological crisis, climate change, resources shortages and financial uncertainties. There is an increased awareness among academics and consumers of the ecological limits of consumerism and current debate is focused on its sustainability. Consumers are said to dictate production, they fuel innovation, create new social systems, drive modern politics to have the power to save the environment and protect the future of the planet and yet at the same time are seen as weak and malleable creatures, easily manipulated, dependant, passive and foolish. (Gabriel Lang, 2006). It is recognised that there is a need to engage in debate on the containment of the negative aspects of consumerism. At the centre of the debate is the question of social consequences and the role of marketing in creating the consumption culture.. If we suspect that marketing is contributing to the harmful effects of consumerism what are the courses of action marketers should review? Abela (2006) cites Csikszentmihalyis (2000) suggestion that greater transparency about the effects of materialism would help. Recommends marketers undertake studies for emerging groups the non consumerist consumer, anti consumerism groups and should monitor general consumer awareness. So if the consumer is more aware of the consequences they might not choose the path of consumption especially if it leads to unhappiness and dissatisfaction. Increased efforts at consumer education maybe able to correct this and lead to changes in consumer behaviour. One possible area of study is to look at regions not affected yet possibly in eastern cultures. Some believe we are at the point of a fundamental structural change in the nature of consumerism. Others keeping the faith in the market to right itself. Optimists believe technology will provide an answer (cleaner cars, recycling, energy conservation). The outcome will be a complex dynamic between politics, production, international trade, economics cultural and moral values. (Abela, 2006, Gabriel Lang, 2006, Kasser 2002). In summary, the main culprit behind hedonism would be the development of strong value orientation that puts unrestrained freedom to the forefront. Marketing does not invent or creates wants; it merely surfaces them. Man has always been, in all societies materialistic. In older days poverty didnt allow him/her to indulge into hedonistic lifestyle. The role of marketing in creation of hedonism, is more of a facilitator than of an inventor. (OShaughnessy and OShaughnessy, 2002). Conclusion This paper has recognised that there is debate on what role the discipline of marketing plays in the creation of hedonistic consumers and outlined the argument that marketing has not created hedonistic consumers, that such a stance does not allow for the complexities of human behaviour and motivations and does not take account of the dynamic nature of consumer society. We agree there are associations and parallels in the development of both consumerism and marketing, but there is no evidence to prove cause and effect. However neither is there evidence to disprove. When deciding what marketing strategy an organisation should follow the primary aim is building profitable relationships with the target consumer however, the organisation has many choices in guiding their marketing strategy in terms of which philosophy should underpin the strategy. Many of todays large corporations employ the marketing concept by knowing the needs/wants of the target market and delivering satisfaction better than the competition. (Armstrong et al,2009). Based on the theory that there is a parallel in the patterns between the rise of the hedonistic consumer and the sophistication and intensity of marketing efforts (Abela, 2006) ethical marketers would be advised to consider a move toward the Societal marketing concept a concept that holds that marketing strategy should deliver value in a way that maintains or improves both the consumer and the societys well-being (Armstrong et al, 2009, p14-15). Executed correctly this strategy would provide long term profits and protect both society and the consumer within this framework. sReferences Abela, A.V. (2006) Marketing and consumerism European Journal of Marketing Vol. 40 Number 1/ 2 pp 5-16 Abercrombie, N. (1994)The Authority of the Consumer, Routledge, London,UK Armstrong, G et al (2009) Marketing an Introduction, Prentice Hall, UK Baudrillard, J. (1981), The Critique of the Political Economy of the Sign, tr. Levin, C., Telos Press, St Louis, MO in OShaughnessy,J. OShaughnessy, N.J. (2002) marketing, the consumer society and hedonism European Journal of Marketing, Vol.36 Number 5/6 pp 524-547 Bauman, Z. (1988) Freedom, Open University Press, UK Campbell, C (1987) The Romantic Ethic and the Spirit of Modern Consumerism, Basil Blackwell, UK Csikzentmihalyi, M. (2000) The cost and benefits of consuming, Journal of Consumer Research, Vol.27,September, pp 267-272 in Abela, A.V. (2006) Marketing and consumerism European Journal of Marketing Vol. 40 Number 1/ 2 pp 5-16 Douglas, M and Isherwood, B. (1979) The World of Goods, Basic Books, US Firat, A.F and Schultz, C.J. (1997) From Segmentation to Fragmentation: Markets and Marketing Strategy in the postmodern era, European Journal of Marketing, Vol. 31, No 3 /4 Hirsch, F. (1977), Social Limits to Growth, Routledge Kegan Paul, London, UK Jantzen, C., Ostergaard, P. and Fitchett, J.A. (2004) A History of Mentality based Analysis of Hedonic and Experiential Comsumption, Advances in Consumer Research, Vol.31 pp 328 340 Gabriel, Y. and Lang, T (2006), The Unmanageable Consumer, 2nd Edition, Sage, UK Kagan, J. (1999) Three Seductive Ideas, Harvard University Press, US Kasser, T. (2002),The High Price of Materialism, MIT Press, Cambridge, US Kotler, P and Keller K.L. (2006) Marketing Management 12th Edition, Prentice Hall, UK Lasch, C. (1991) The True and Only Heaven; Progress and Its Critics, Norton New York Lee, M.J. (1997) Consumer Culture Reborn, Routledge, London Mick, D.G (2008) Degrees of Freedom of will: An essential endless question in consumer behaviour, Journal of Consumer Psychology, Vol.18, pp17-21 Migone, A. (2006) Hedonistic Consumerism: Patterns of Consumption in Contemporary Capitalism, Review of Radical Political Economics, Vol. 39, No 2, pp 173-200 Moore, R.L. (1994), Selling God, Oxford University Press, New York, NY Naish, J. (2008) Enough Breaking free from the world of more, Hodder and Stoughton, UK OShaughnessy,J. OShaughnessy, N.J. (2002) marketing, the consumer society and hedonism European Journal of Marketing, Vol.36 Number 5/6 pp 524-547 OShaughnessy,J. OShaughnessy, N.J. (2007) Reply to criticisms of marketing, the consumer society and hedonism, European Journal of Marketing Vol. 41, Number 1 /2 pp7-16 Richins, M.L. and Dawson, S. (1992) A Consumer Values Orientation for Materialism, Journal of Consumer Research, December 1992 Salzer-Morling, M. and Strannegard, L. (2007) Aint misbehavin consumption in a moralized brandscape, Marketing Theory, Vol.7(4) pp 408-425 Simmons (2008) Marketing to post modern consumers: introducing the Internet Chameleon, European Journal of Marketing, Vol. 42, No  ¾, pp 299-310 Solomon, M., Bamossy, G. Askegaard, S. and Hogg, M.K. (2006) Consumer Behaviour A European Perspective, Third Edition, Prentice Hall, UK. Further Reading: Arnould, M.J. and Reynolds, K.E (2003), Hedonic Shopping Motivations, Journal of Retailing, Vol. 79 Dittmar, H. (2004) Are you what you have? The Psychologist, Vol.17, No 4 pp 206-210 Dholakia (1999) Going Shopping: Key determinants of shopping behaviour and motivations, International Journal of Retail and Distribution Management, Vol. 27,No 4 pp 154-165 Mick, D.G. (1996) Are studies of Dark Side Variables Confounded by Socially Desirable Responding? The Case of Materialism, Journal of Consumer Research, Vol.23 pp106-119 Naish, J (2008) Enough is Enough: Learn to want less, http://women.timesonline.co.uk/to/life, Date accessed 04/10/09

Special Education Implementation For Native American Girls Essay

Special Education Implementation For Native American Girls Quality education for children has been an ongoing issue for today's society. There has also been an increasing concern for the education of students with special needs. The effect of these concerns has been noted in many communities, such as the Native American community. The population of special education students in the Native American communities is not necessarily higher than others, however, their community is effected, therefore also in need of quality special education programs. The need for quality special education is strongly felt by the women and girls within the Native American culture because of the pressures of their cultures and societies. Woman and girls have always held distinctive roles within the Native American community. These role have withstood the test of time. In a discussion with Juan Zuniga, a bilingual educator with an emphasis on Hispanic and American Indian cultures, I found that women in the Native American society are very much so, encouraged to stay at home and be homemakers. They are far less likely to pursue further education and often find it hard to gain the support to complete high school. The importance of education among females in their society is not as predominant as in others (J.Zuniga). In some cases it is necessary for young Indian people to leave their homes and families to obtain an adequate education for the preparation of today's society (National Indian Child Conference 1979). They are also faced with being torn between modern American ways and their tribal customs and beliefs. Because of this it is often instilled in them that they are incapable of achieving. This sense of self worthlessness ... ...e, Michael, and Others. "Your Rights: A Handbook for Native American Youth in Arizona." Washington, D.C.: Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, 1982. Foster, Carl G., and Gable, Emma. " The Indian Child in Special Education: Two Persons' Perceptions." ERIC, 1980. Grossman, Herbert. "Special Education In A Diverse Society." Allyn and Bacon: Boston, 1994. "Report of The National Indian Child Conference." Administration for Children, Youth, and Families: Washington, D.C., 1979. "Resource Directory: Migrant and Indian Exceptional Children." Department of Education: Washington, D.C., 1981. Winzer, Margret A. "The History of Special Education From Isolation to Integration." Gallaudet University Press: Washington, D.C., 1993. Zuniga, Barbara. Personal Interview. March 26, 1999. Zuniga, Juan. Personal Interview. March 25, 1999.

Romeo and Juliet: in Love or Hit with Infatuation

Romeo and Juliet: in love or hit with infatuation To the person that has these feelings infatuation and actual love are very difficult to differentiate. Even if these two emotions are very similar they have different effects on ones life. In infatuation usually develops to quickly such as â€Å"love at first sight†. On the other hand real love grows moderately and takes time, but the effects last longer. In my opinion this â€Å"star struck† couple was simply hit with infatuation not love.In this Shakespearean story feelings of love are portrayed, when actually most of the events that occur relate to infatuation such as Romeo and Juliet’s instant feelings toward each other. One of the signs of infatuation according to June Callwood, a writer from the Globe and Mail archives, is an instant feeling of affection, â€Å"love at first sight†. Romeo and Juliet experienced this when they met in the party held by the Capulets. Even On the balcony Juliet barely kno ws his name and already she was talking about her â€Å"love† for Romeo.Not only did this â€Å"love at first sight† occur quickly, but Romeo had this feeling after the incident with Rosaline. The fact that this event happened to Romeo after the event with Rosaline, only serves to further on support the definition of infatuation. When Romeo met Juliet he was as one would say â€Å"on the rebound†, which caused him to fall in the state of infatuation. These along with many other events could have been the cause of Romeo falling for Juliet. Their quick affection for each other didn't allow them to think things thru and caused them to rush into a relationship they were not ready for.Another sign of infatuation is the great feeling one has to marry the other person. Romeo and Juliet rushed into a marriage without knowing much about each other. Their quick marriage was an event that might have had a lot to do with their death. This rush into actions without thinking is a result of the effects of infatuation. Some might say that their marriage occurred because they â€Å"loved† each other, but research has shown that the relationships that last longest develop slowly.These long lasting marriages did not occur as quickly like Romeo and Juliet’s, instead they took their time to make sure one is ready. Romeo and Juliet not only married quickly, but most of the time they all they wanted was physical enjoyment. In act 2 scene 2, the balcony scene, Romeo says â€Å"O wilt thou leave me unsatisfied? †. Those who are in real love are patient and don’t just want sex. This dissatisfaction without physical enjoyment is one of the greatest signs of infatuation.

Nick’s Story

A. Which symptoms that Nick has described so far are relevant to the nervous system? Are his symptoms sensory, motor, or both? Nick has complained of burning and prickly pain in feet, clumsiness, dizziness when sitting or standing, and vision problems. These are symptoms of both sensory and motor nerve damage. B. Do you think the symptoms Nick describes are likely caused by peripheral nerve damage? Could they be caused by damage to the central nervous system? I believe there has been peripheral nerve damage because of the symptoms that he exhibits.It seems that his receptors are not effectively communicating back to the central nervous system; in addition he is losing his somatic reflexes in his feet, both indicating damage to his somatic nervous system. I guess there could be damage to the central nervous system, but I would expect that the symptoms would be even more severe. C. Diabetic neuropathies damage peripheral nerves. Which component of the reflex arc is most likely to be da maged in Nick’s situation? I think a lot of Nicks reflex arc damage would begin at the sensory neuron.Stimuli are still triggering the receptor, but the information isn’t traveling along the damaged sensory neuron to continue the arc to the integrating centers, motor neurons, and effectors, though the damage could be further along in the reflex arc providing basically the same symptoms. D. Which division of the autonomic nervous system would be affected and would be causing Nick’s GI tract symptoms? Because his digestion is suppressed I would say the sympathetic division is mainly active, inhibiting the gastrointestinal tract.So the parasympathetic division of his nervous system, which allows motility of the gastrointestinal tract, is primarily affected. E. Nick’s light-headedness is caused by a condition known as orthostatic hypotension, a rapid drop in blood pressure upon standing up. Based on what you have learned so far, how does the autonomic nervous system control blood pressure? The hypothalamus connects the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions of the ANS by neurons in the brain and spinal cord and relay information.The posterior and lateral parts of the hypothalamus control the sympathetic division which constrict blood vessels and raise blood pressure. The anterior and medial parts of the hypothalamus control the parasympathetic division which lowers blood pressure. F. After becoming comatose, Nick was sweating profusely, and had rapid heart and respiratory rates and elevated blood pressure. Which area of the brain interacts with the autonomous nervous system during physical stress to initiate these responses? The hypothalamus . G. Nick has digestive symptoms indicating reduced gastrointestinal mobility.What autonomic receptors regulate closing of sphincters and relaxation of organ walls? Pelvic splanchnic nerves. H. Why would the term polyneuropathy be appropriate for the symptoms that Nick was experiencing? Because h is symptoms indicate that several different nerves and neural pathways were damaged. I. What symptoms noted by Nicks primary care physician indicated a polyneuropathy? Knowing that Nick was struggling to manage his diabetes definitely sent a red flag, additionally vision problems, feet problems, and balance issues indicated polyneuropathy. J.Why are Nicks generalized symptoms more indicative of a peripheral polyneuropathy than a central nervous system lesion to the brain or spinal cord? Because certain individual signals aren’t being interpreted and responded to effectively. K. Which of Nick’s systems were related to somatic reflexes? Which were related to autonomic reflexes? Somatic reflex issues were indicated by the lack of response in reflex and when nick wasn’t able to resist much to pressure against his foot. Autonomic reflexes were suppressed when Nick was unable to digest food, and increased when his blood pressure went up.

Jefferson and his Times essays

Jefferson and his Times essays Jefferon and his people had become a political group that favored the adoption by the states of the Constitution The Federalists were conservatives; they favored a strong centralized government, encouragement of industries, attention to the needs of the great merchants and landowners, and establishment of a well-ordered society. : Hamilton had outlined a plan of government with a strong central authority to replace the weak system of the Articles of confederation he was one of the most powerful leader. First election held under constitution. Tecumseh establishes tribal confederacy to resist white expansion. Jackson and Taney remove federal deposits from Bank of United States. Wigs held their first national Convention. Samuel Morse sends the first telegraph message.Massachusetts supreme court declares unions and strikes legal.John Deere manufactured first steel plow.Failed revolution in Germany spurs emigration to America.Second Great Awakening takes place. Aaron Burr kills Alexander Hamilton in a duel.Bacons Bill No. 2 reopens trade with Britain and France.United States declares war on Great Britain.Jackson invades Florida, ends first Seminole War Supreme Court hears Dartmouth college v. Woodward and McCulloch v. Maryland. Jefferson and Burr tie vote in electoral college.Jefferson becomes president after congress confirmselection.Tecumseh establishes tribal confederacy to resist white expansion.First Bank of the United States closes after its charter is not renewed. Madison vetoes internal improvements bill.Mississippi enters the Union. First election held under constitution.First President of the United States.Tennessee becomes sixteenth state. XYZ affair precipitates state of quasi war wit h France. Jefferson and Burr tie vote in electoral college. Jefferson becomes president after congress confirms election. Tecumseh establishes tribal confederacy to resist white expansion.First Bank of the United States closes...

Free Essays on “The Jungle,” By Upton Sinclair And It’s Effect On American Society During The 19th Century

One of the strongest impulses in late 19th century and early 20th century American literature was the attempt to rebuild urban society. Journalists aimed to direct the citizens’ attention to social, economic, and political injustices. They came to be known as muckrakers, after Theodore Roosevelt accused one of them of â€Å"raking up muck,† through his writing.(Brinkley, Alan. The Unfinished Nation.630) They were committed to exposing scandal, corruption, and injustice to the public. Upton Sinclair, a Socialist, and dedicated humanitarian, was one of them, and wrote The Jungle, the first of several novels aimed at exposing industrial ills, and calling for reform. In 1904 Fred Warren, the editor of the socialist journal, â€Å"Appeal to Reason,† commissioned Sinclair to write a novel about immigrant workers in the Chicago meat packing houses. Julius Wayland, the owner of the journal provided Sinclair with a $500 advance, and after seven weeks in the stockyards researching, he wrote the novel, The Jungle. The Jungle was published serially in the â€Å"Appeal to Reason,† in 1905. In spite of the work's immense popularity, it was extremely difficult to get The Jungle published in book form. Publishers were unwilling to touch it without censoring the manuscript, although demands for back issues of the newspaper containing the novel ran high. Eventually Doubleday, Page and Company published the book in 1906, after checking that the facts in it were true. The public reaction to the book was not what Sinclair expected. His main aim had been to highlight the plight of the workers and present Socialism as an alternative to the ill’s of capitalism. However these aspects were surpassed by the chaos over the unsanitary manufacturing practices in the meat industry. Sinclair states, "I aimed at the public's heart and by accident I hit it in the stomach." (spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/Jupton.html) Public rea... Free Essays on â€Å"The Jungle,† By Upton Sinclair And It’s Effect On American Society During The 19th Century Free Essays on â€Å"The Jungle,† By Upton Sinclair And It’s Effect On American Society During The 19th Century One of the strongest impulses in late 19th century and early 20th century American literature was the attempt to rebuild urban society. Journalists aimed to direct the citizens’ attention to social, economic, and political injustices. They came to be known as muckrakers, after Theodore Roosevelt accused one of them of â€Å"raking up muck,† through his writing.(Brinkley, Alan. The Unfinished Nation.630) They were committed to exposing scandal, corruption, and injustice to the public. Upton Sinclair, a Socialist, and dedicated humanitarian, was one of them, and wrote The Jungle, the first of several novels aimed at exposing industrial ills, and calling for reform. In 1904 Fred Warren, the editor of the socialist journal, â€Å"Appeal to Reason,† commissioned Sinclair to write a novel about immigrant workers in the Chicago meat packing houses. Julius Wayland, the owner of the journal provided Sinclair with a $500 advance, and after seven weeks in the stockyards researching, he wrote the novel, The Jungle. The Jungle was published serially in the â€Å"Appeal to Reason,† in 1905. In spite of the work's immense popularity, it was extremely difficult to get The Jungle published in book form. Publishers were unwilling to touch it without censoring the manuscript, although demands for back issues of the newspaper containing the novel ran high. Eventually Doubleday, Page and Company published the book in 1906, after checking that the facts in it were true. The public reaction to the book was not what Sinclair expected. His main aim had been to highlight the plight of the workers and present Socialism as an alternative to the ill’s of capitalism. However these aspects were surpassed by the chaos over the unsanitary manufacturing practices in the meat industry. Sinclair states, "I aimed at the public's heart and by accident I hit it in the stomach." (spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/Jupton.html) Public rea...

Spatial Interaction in Supply and Demand

Spatial Interaction in Supply and Demand Spatial interaction is the flow of products, people, services, or information among places, in response to localized supply and demand. It is a transportation supply and demand relationship that is often expressed over a geographical space. Spatial interactions usually include a variety of movements such as travel, migration, transmission of information, journeys to work or shopping, retailing activities, or freight distribution. Edward Ullman, perhaps the leading transportation geographer of the twentieth century, more formally addressed interaction as complementarity (a deficit of a good or product in one place and a ​surplus in another), transferability (possibility of transport of the good or product at a cost that the market will bear), and lack of intervening opportunities (where a similar good or product that is not available at a closer distance). Complementarity The first factor necessary for interaction to take place is complementarity. In order for the trade to take place, there has to be a surplus of the desired product in one area and a shortage of demand for that same product in another area. The greater the distance, between trip origin and trip destination, the less likelihood of a trip occurring and the lower the frequency of trips. An example of complementarity would be that you live in San Francisco, California and want to go to Disneyland for a vacation, which is located in Anaheim near Los Angeles, California. In this example, the product is Disneyland, a destination theme park, where San Francisco has two regional theme parks, but no destination theme park. Transferability The second factor necessary for interaction to take place is transferability. In some cases, it is simply not feasible to transport certain goods (or people) a great distance because the transportation costs are too high in comparison to the price of the product. In all other cases where the transportation costs are not out of line with price, we say that the product is transferable or that transferability exists. Using our Disneyland trip example, we need to know how many people are going, and the amount of time we have to do the trip (both travel time and time at the destination). If only one person is traveling to Disneyland and they need to travel in the same day, then flying may be the most realistic option of transferability at approximately $250 round-trip; however, it is the most expensive option on a per person basis. If a small number of people are traveling, and three days are available for the trip (two days for travel and one day at the park), then driving down in a personal car, a rental car or taking the train may be a realistic option. A car rental would be approximately $100 for a three-day rental (with for to six people in the car) not including fuel, or approximately $120 round-trip per person taking the train (i.e., either Amtraks Coast Starlight or the San Joaquin routes). If one is traveling with a large group of people (assuming 50 people or so), then it may make sense to charter a bus, which would cost approximately $2,500 or about $50 per person. As one can see, transferability can be accomplished by one of several different modes of transportation depending on the number of people, distance, the average cost to transport each person, and the time available for travel. Lack of Intervening Opportunities The third factor necessary for interaction to take place in the absence or lack of intervening opportunities. There may be a situation where complementarity exists between an area with a high demand for a product and several areas with a supply of that same product in excess of local demand. In this particular case, the first area would be unlikely to trade with all three suppliers, but would instead trade with the supplier that was closest or least costly. In our example of the trip to Disneyland, Is there any other destination theme park identical to Disneyland, providing an intervening opportunity between San Francisco and Los Angeles? The obvious answer would be no. However, if the question was, Is there any other regional theme park between San Francisco and Los Angeles that could be a potential intervening opportunity, then the answer would be yes, since Great America (Santa Clara, California), Magic Mountain (Santa Clarita, California), and Knotts Berry Farm (Buena Park, California) are all regional theme parks located between San Francisco and Anaheim. As you can see from this example, there are numerous factors that could affect complementarity, transferability, and lack of intervening opportunities. There are many other examples of these concepts in our daily lives, when it comes to planning your next vacation, watching the freight trains roll through your town or neighborhood, seeing the trucks on the highway, or when you ship a package overseas.

Evaluating the Effectiveness of the Special Court for Sierra Leone Essay

Evaluating the Effectiveness of the Special Court for Sierra Leone - Essay Example After the end of the conflict, the citizens of Sierra Leone wanted the individual responsible for the conflict and the atrocities that followed to be held accountable for their actions and face justice. Nevertheless, the country at the time did not have an established judicial system and the necessary infrastructure to bring these perpetrators into book (Nzongola-Ntalaja 2000). Furthermore, the existence of Lome Peace Agreement of 1999 was a big hindrance to the courts in the country to indict the alleged perpetrators as they were given a blanket amnesty by the aforementioned agreement. For this reason, there was an urgent need to form a court that would be capable of addressing the situation in the country, thus, the formation of The Special Court for Sierra Leone (SCSL). The United Nations Security Council and the government of Sierra Leone agreed to form The Special Court for Sierra Leone (SCSL) which was established in the year 2002 on a request from Ahmad Tejan Kabbah, the then president of Sierra Leone. Unlike the courts established by the United Nations Security Council to deal with the perpetrators of the conflict in the former Yugoslavia and the Rwandan genocide, the Special Court for Sierra Leone (SCSL) was able to dispense a diverse judicial model hence characterized as a hybrid tribunal so to speak. The main aim of the special court for Sierra Leone was to deal with the post conflict justice expeditiously, and in a more economical way unlike the local courts and tribunals in the country which were slow and more expensive, not to mention their inability to respond to the plight of the citizens in the country (Murphy 2003). This court was characterized by new ways of handling judicial processes in the post conflict situations. Such characteristics include the pressure to accomplish its mandate expeditiously, use of a very tight budget, and its location. Discussion The composition of the court includes both international and local judges, counsel, and employees. This composition allows the court to administer justice without undue influence from the domestic or international pressure. The mandate of the Special Court for Sierra Leone (SCSL) is to try the persons suspected of having the greatest responsibility in perpetrating the violence that ensued in Sierra Leone during the 11 years conflict. It is worth noting that this special court is independent in its operation from the domestic legal system of Sierra Leone and as such, the court uses limited statutory guidelines from the country’s criminal law and heavily depend on international humanitarian law in its proceedings (Stover 2005). The Special Court for Sierra Leone (SCSL) statute empowers the court to prosecute violations of Article 3 under the Geneva Convention, international humanitarian law violations, and crimes against humanity. One of the major strengths witnessed in the operation of the Special Court for Sierra Leone (SCSL) is the responsiveness of the court i n the witness protection and management, since most of them are victims of the atrocities that ensued in Sierra Leone. The court has continued to ensure that the witness feel protected and safe during and after their testimony. This has been done by involving a variety of security resources as well as new psychosocial support program. The

Sustainable Development of Iraqi Oil and Gas in International Law Dissertation

Sustainable Development of Iraqi Oil and Gas in International Law - Dissertation Example Conclusion 47 Bibliography 50 1. Introduction During several last decades the idea of sustainability has become a major environmental policy supported by many national governments and international organisations.1 One of the most comprehensive descriptions of the notion of sustainability was made by The International Institute for Sustainable Development, who claimed that sustainability is based on â€Å"the persistence of certain necessary and desired characteristics of people, their communities and organisations, and the surrounding ecosystem over a very long period of time (indefinitely)†.2 In order to achieve progress toward sustainability, it is necessary to improve and maintain both human and ecological systems providing their welfare, but not one at the expense of the other. Thus, the idea clearly expresses interdependent relationships between people and the world around them. Institute of Advanced Studies of the United Nations University asserts that: Few global issues have been attracting more attention in recent years than those associated with sustainable development, on which impinge such considerations as the growing world population, mushrooming urbanisation, expanding rates of consumption, climate change, biodiversity, and the adverse social and economic effects these factors are having on the populations of the developing and developed world as they impact the health of mankind and the environment. 3 Relationship between mankind and the environment has started in the distant past, when human beings lived in a complete symbiosis with nature. Over the centuries people worked for their needs without any concern about environmental protection and conservation. In the course of time mastery of humans over nature has been increasing, until it has culminated in the industrial revolution in 19-20th centuries. Such prominent characteristic features of that time as material-intensive way of production, the vast expansion of intercontinental trade a nd fast growth of population caused a considerable environmental damage.4 The impact of industrialization on nature can be well illustrated as follows: ...A vast acceleration of forest cutting, mining, land development, and fishing began. Industrialised societies saw forests disappearing to fuel the factories, mass migrations of people moving to cities to work in factories, and clouds of pollution hanging over the cities. ...The environment was turned into a site of economic competition between the various industrialised nations... 5 The first reaction of the society to environmental problems was a reactive approach that is characterised by clean-up activities mainly.6 But since the early 1960s, environmental problems have been eventually recognised as a political issue, which demands proactive measures. Nowadays it is widely recognised that healthy environment is essential to sustainable development. More and more economists, state officials and researchers understand that economic policy, based on using of forests, water, soils and other critical natural resources, without taking appropriate account of its current state and future development, is not wise and successful. Thus, the more proactive approach in resource usage is being taken, ensuring â€Å"

King Lear Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

King Lear - Essay Example Lear inherited and perceived bad and good traits from both of them. The story of King Lear teaches us that the attaching of excessive importance to things in the material world causes passions and suffering. At the beginning the bad overwhelms in Lear’s character. We see Lear-despot. On the one hand his despotism origins from the feudal prerogative of a monarch. On the other one, being an outstanding person, surrounded by universal admiration, he gets a false idea that his royal dignity rests upon his personal superiority. Like the rest of the characters, Lear possesses a highly developed individualistic consciousness, which is a feature of the new psychology. Unfortunately, this awareness of personal dignity acquires one-sided, egoistic character, which reveals itself in excessively high estimation of the self, reaching the utmost degree of self-adoration. This feature was born by the social structure itself, where everybody praised his greatness, where everything seemed to happen according to his will. Believing that it is his personality that mattered, Lear loses his common sense and resigns his throne, sure that people won’t stop tremble for him. This crazy belief make s him hand the kingdom to his daughters, become a man without a title and experience all the woes associated with human life. In the course of the play we see, however, that Lear continues clutching at his feudal dignity. The perception of his being a king has strong roots in him and the habit of commanding the others does not leave him even when he, rejected and abandoned, wanders in the field. In delirium, he cries: â€Å"No, they cannot touch me for coining; I am the king himself†; â€Å"Ay, every inch a king: When I do stare, see how the subject quakes† (IV, 6). His insanity lies in the fact hat he continues considering himself the king, the man standing above the rest, while the enlightment will come as he sees his

Quiz show Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Quiz show - Essay Example They told them to choose topics that they were well versed with and at times provided answers to the questions. They choose one who was to be on the lead and the questions they were to get right or deliberately wrong themselves. In 1957 the producers set to put a new figure into the limelight of the show. In this case, they had to fail the current top contestant Herb Stempel by asking to deliberately get a question that he knew the answer wrong, in order to disqualify him. They wanted to bring in the new top contestant Charles Van Doren. Doren was considered to be more handsome and young. He was also a bit famous because he was the son of a famous politic family known in the academic circles. In this light, how would bring more vigor and drama to the show, hence maintaining is popularity. Many people in the studio thought that he was not going to accept but when the time came, he â€Å"took the dive†. Although he was against the decision, he never wanted to go against the studio, he did it in good will. Kantian Ethical principles state that the only thing that is intrinsically good is â€Å"good will†. This principle owes its existence to the Enlightenment rationalism from where it was coined. It is there possible to judge the actions of both Herb Stempel and Charles Van Doren based on the above theory. One thing that is clear is that Stempel was not willing to lie on a question that he very well knew the correct answer. However, since he was a sacrificial lamb he had no option but to play along and cheat in order to put Doren in the top position. He did in good will so as to ensure the success of the studio and the famous program. However, it was not right of Doren to take his brothers position as the top contestant, knowing that he rightfully earned it. Despite this, he had to accept the chance since he was going to be on top of the game and all the focus was to

Pablo Picasso and Vincent Van Gogh Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Pablo Picasso and Vincent Van Gogh - Essay Example The essay "Pablo Picasso and Vincent Van Gogh" will help to understand the importance of that figures in the art of 19th century. During these centuries not only did the nature of art change considerably, but artists of extreme talent also emerged. Vincent Van Gogh is perhaps the most renowned artist of the 19th century and is widely credited for implementing and perfecting a style known as impressionism. This essay examines both Vincent Van Gogh and Pablo Picasso and the contributions they made to the field art. Vincent Van Gogh was born in the Netherland in 1853 (McQuillan 4). While a strong amount of information is known about Van Gogh, the most prominent sources of biographical information on the artist comes from letters between him and his younger brother Theo who sold much of his art. While Van Gogh would ultimately become one of the most highly regarded artists of the 19th century, he would spend most of life in obscurity. Art scholars recognize that â€Å"Van Gogh’s greatest art productions emerged after his move to Paris in 1886†. During this period Van Gogh began to produce works in his now seminal impressionistic style. After his time in Paris, Van Gogh would move to Arles in 1888 . It was here that he produced such seminal works as ‘Starry Night Over the Rhone’ and ‘Bedroom in Arles’. Suffering from bouts of illness and depression throughout his life, Van Gogh would commit suicide in 1890 by a gunshot to the chest . Pablo Picasso is arguably the most renowned artist of the 20th century.

No topic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 29

No topic - Essay Example The narrowness of this region enables it to allow the penetration of anything that lies on the surface of the rock. The more the weight of the bighorn is running down to its hooves, the more the two digits make contact with the rock and tend to slide away from each other forming a v-shape. The v-shaped element formed enables the removal of slippery materials on the rocks and leaves it rough thus preventing the sheep from falling from the rocks. Pertaining to the air resistance, a cat jumping from a high floor tends to have lesser injuries than when it is falling from a lower height of the wall. The reason behing this lies behind the notion of the rotation it makes with its body that increases the air resistance that acts against the forces of gravity pulling it to the ground. Thus, the more the air resistance, the lesser the injuries to the cat when its rolling from a high wall (Walker, 2007). But when the cat is jumping from a lower height, it does not rotate its body, thus less air resistance is created (Walker,

Pablo Picasso and Vincent Van Gogh Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Pablo Picasso and Vincent Van Gogh - Essay Example The essay "Pablo Picasso and Vincent Van Gogh" will help to understand the importance of that figures in the art of 19th century. During these centuries not only did the nature of art change considerably, but artists of extreme talent also emerged. Vincent Van Gogh is perhaps the most renowned artist of the 19th century and is widely credited for implementing and perfecting a style known as impressionism. This essay examines both Vincent Van Gogh and Pablo Picasso and the contributions they made to the field art. Vincent Van Gogh was born in the Netherland in 1853 (McQuillan 4). While a strong amount of information is known about Van Gogh, the most prominent sources of biographical information on the artist comes from letters between him and his younger brother Theo who sold much of his art. While Van Gogh would ultimately become one of the most highly regarded artists of the 19th century, he would spend most of life in obscurity. Art scholars recognize that â€Å"Van Gogh’s greatest art productions emerged after his move to Paris in 1886†. During this period Van Gogh began to produce works in his now seminal impressionistic style. After his time in Paris, Van Gogh would move to Arles in 1888 . It was here that he produced such seminal works as ‘Starry Night Over the Rhone’ and ‘Bedroom in Arles’. Suffering from bouts of illness and depression throughout his life, Van Gogh would commit suicide in 1890 by a gunshot to the chest . Pablo Picasso is arguably the most renowned artist of the 20th century.

Barack Obama and US Foreign Policy Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Barack Obama and US Foreign Policy - Assignment Example The present paper has identified that the United States foreign policy has deep significance for the lives of Americans and others worldwide in so many ways. Americans may not be aware of the substantial effects that the United States foreign policy has on their daily lives because it is so indirect. The American standard of living, for example, is deeply affected by the state of the economy, and the role of America in the global economy. This is in turn impacted by foreign economic policies which involve investment in companies and capital, trade in goods and services, access to raw materials and energy, and monetary policies and currencies fluctuations. Today, the American economy is more elemental to and dependent upon the international political economy. Besides security, economics, freedom, individual health and individual livelihood, there are other considerable areas of foreign policy that impact Americans. Examples are immigration and population dynamics, tourism, travel, the spread of HIV/AIDS, drug trade, deforestation, global warming, and environmental protection. The United States foreign policy is therefore involved in countless activities and affairs that have immediate and direct, as well as indirect and underlying implications on daily and future lives of Americans. During his victory speech on the evening of November 4, 2008, President-Elect Barack Obama used the moment to remind the world the image of the United States will undergo a dramatic transformation under his administration.†The foreign policy approach that has emerged during Obama’s tenure as president aligns closely with the liberal internationalist concept to foreign policy. A liberal internationalist approach is based on several core beliefs and values, about the interests and aims of foreign policy actions, for different nations and for the United States in specific. Essential domestic values, such as the development of individual freedoms and democracies are perceive d as significant ways to build a balanced, and amicable international order. Liberal internationalism also â€Å"calls for promoting international cooperation and interdependence in a variety of ways as a means to knit states and people today in a web of interdependence to address common problems and reduce the risk of conflict.† President Barrack Obama’s administration has not only had to handle the war on terrorism and the effects of Iraq war, but it also took office at a time when the International and American political economy was rocking at the threshold of breakdown. The first priority of President Barack Obama’s administration was to prevent the economic situation of America from deteriorating further and possibly collapsing into a greater depression. This was done in part by attempting to rebuild the confidence of foreign markets which had been lost during the 2008 economic crisis.  

Effects Of Moderate Hyperhydration On Blood Pressure Biology Essay

Effects Of Moderate Hyperhydration On Blood Pressure Biology Essay Introduction The heart is an efficient machine that supplies the body with oxygenated blood and recycles unoxygenated blood (Weedman, 2009). Unoxygenated blood comes into the heart, is pumped to the lungs, oxygenated, and then returned to the heart to be pumped to the rest of the body (Weedman, 2009). Blood pressure (BP) can be found by measuring systolic over diastolic pressure. Systolic pressure is the pressure in the blood vessels while the hearts beats while diastolic pressure is measured by the pressure after the heart beat (Weedman, 2009). Diastolic pressure is also called the filling stage because it occurs when the heart is in a state of relaxation and the semi-lunar valve is closed (Weedman, 2009). In opposition, systolic pressure transpires during contraction where the tricuspid and bicuspid valves are closed (Weedman, 2009). Heart Rate (HR or also referred to as pulse rate (PR)), read by taking a pulse either on neck, upper arm (most precise measurement) or wrist, uses arterial pressure to calculate the rate that blood is flowing through the arteries (Weedman, 2009). It differs from blood pressure and is the number of times the heart beats in one minute (Weedman, 2009). Heart rate and blood pressure are great points of interest in the human population because of the importance of the heart in human anatomy. The heart muscle is pertinent to survival and therefore been tested and experimented on habitually. Many tests have been done on the heart by many well established doctors. One of these studies tests the effect of respiratory ailments and stress on heart rate (Weber, 1985). The results show that heart rate and blood pressure are directly correlated with stress, meaning that when someone is stressed the harder their heart pumps and the more pressure is put on the muscle(Weber, 1985). Nevertheless, there are many other factors that affect heart rate and blood pressure. Most of the factors discussed share a direct correlation with heart rate. There are also some lifetime diseases that stem from vascular problems that were before thought to have little to no affect (Skoog, 1996). For instance, a study conducted about Dementia revealed that most victims also consistently had high BP. There is more hypothesized evidence that supports this claim, but it has yet to be proven. Despite the ambiguity of the correlation of BP and Dementia, there are many health related concerns that surrounds BP and HR. This is pertinent to the experiment conducted because it questions what health hazards surround dehydration. As the research of BP and HR becomes more involved, so do the experiments concerning them. In the experiment conducted in LIFE103, a biology class at Colorado State University, 27 subjects tested the affects of hydration on BP and HR/PR. It is hypothesized that there will be a significant change in both BP and HR this is relevant because previous studies showed that a change occurred in similar experiments (Mountain and Edward, 1992). Its predicted that BP and HR will decrease after the addition of water into the body. Materials and Methods All variables were kept as similar as the environment would allow and subjects didnt consumer water for two hours before experimentation was started. There was an uneven mixture of male and female and all students were of different weights, but roughly fell into a broad spectrum of normal weight. Three basal readings were taken from the 27 participants. The participants measured themselves using a sphygmomanometer and recorded both heart rate and blood pressure. These were then averaged and if the average was off, additional measurements were taken. Heart rate and blood pressure served as the independent variables, while the dependent variables were the water and the environmental factors. After basal measurements were completed students drank 2 cups of water. Water temperatures varied from room temperature to cold and data was separated according what temperature water subject drank. The subjects were given five minutes to consume the water. A reading was taken directly after the water was completely consumed. Readings of BP and PR were taken in increments of three minutes since the initial reading until the time struck twelve minutes. There were five total readings. Information from all of the subjects was gathered and charted. Data was analyzed by comparing data to previous tests, earlier hypothesized values, and T tested. Probabilities were found and then information was compiled into a list of results. Excel was used to assemble the results and create graphs and tables. Results The experiment took approximately twelve minutes after water was consumed. The 27 subjects did not drink anything for at least two hours prior, dehydration levels; however were minimal because students were told to keep at a comfortable hydration level (and two hours isnt sufficient to dehydrate a body completely). Hydration levels after drinking approximately two ounces of water were also minimal because of the small amount drunk. Differences between heart rate and pulse rate are not obvious before and after consumption of water. The pulse rate (or heart rate) had a more visible change. Comparing averages of final PR (twelve minutes after water was drunk) to the basal reading yielded a change, but it was within a hundredth of a decimal point. The change in blood pressure was also nonexistent. Though, if compared the values of diastolic and systolic pressure change more significantly than the values of the PR. The data is summarized below in a mixture of charts and written description. This simply surmises that the average PR basal reading is less than the average post PR at twelve minutes. However, the data is inconsistent because the basal reading is a collection of three different measurements and there could be unknown outliers. Doing a T test, the information is shown to be probable (P PR T Test PR vs PR PR1 Basal vs PR 12 min PR2 Basal vs PR12 min PR3 Basal vs PR12 min PR0 min vs PR12 min PR3 min vs PR12 min PR6 min vs PR12 min T Test .00028 .00028 .00079 .772211 .979664 .413052 T test scores based on excel calculations concerning an experiment performed in class. (P Table 1 The results were inconclusive, the changes were so minimal that (when averaged) the difference between the beginning pulse rate and the final pulse rate were within hundredths of a decimal of each other. Blood pressure had little change. Systolic pressure decreased slightly as did diastolic, but it was too such a degree that the change could be accounted by many variables. Drawing these conclusions, earlier hypothesis and prediction cannot be supported (this conclusion supported by T-test). The chart below shows the change of pulse rate after the water was consumed. There is no significant change as the time progresses. Average of PR taken at times 0,3,6,9 and 12 were used compared to the time that the experiment progressed over. Figure 2 Comparatively, blood pressure had similar results. On a time scale, blood pressure had no distinctive change. Figure 3 is the change in systolic pressure over time while Figure 4 is the change of diastolic pressure over the time stretch that the experiment was done in. It shows that nothing can be conclusively found about either pressure because the unpredictable nature of the line. Discussion As earlier hypothesized blood pressure will change and so will heart rate, however they will not be affected heavily because of the small amount of change that is being inflicted upon the subjects. It was predicted that after an amount of time without drinking any water the subjects heart rate will speed and after water has been added, heart rate will slow down. Alternatively, the experiment could have been improved with more control. There were many variables that were not accounted for. Water temperature, amount of water drunk, amount of exercise allowed to be exerted by the subjects, sex of subjects, size of subjects and normal heart rate and blood pressure of subjects were not consolidated in the experiment. This could contribute to experimental error, for the hypothesis and predictions are supported according to many experiments done by professional, scientists. These experiments have slightly different variables and test for slightly different results, but their results are conclusive to what should have been found in the experiment conducted in class (this experiment was also performed more professionally with greater differences in the control group and tested group). In opposition to hydration, dehydration has a lasting effect on heart rate as well (Montain and Edward, 1992). Understanding how dehydration affects heart rate is pertinent to understanding how hydration affects it (Montain and Edward, 1992). Expectations would be that they are complementary of each other and this study titled Influence of graded dehydration on hyperthermia and cardiovascular drift during excursive focuses on the dehydration aspect on the body and how the heart rate and blood pressure react (Montain and Edward, 1992). Hyperthermia is another aspect of this experiment, but seeing as it does not pertain to the experiment conducted in class, it will be overlooked (Montain and Edward, 1992). Directly pulling information from the Montian experiment, there were a certain number of cyclists that took part in the experiment, but they all fell into the same category: capable, normally low heart rate people (1992). Though there was no difference in the amount of sweat that the cyclists produced, there was a significant difference in their heart rates based on what amount of liquid that they consumed (there were four different groups, each assigned to a different amount of water) (Montain and Edward, 1992). The study shows that the level of dehydration directly correlates with HR (Montain and Edward, 1992). The amount of water in the blood indirectly correlates with Heart Rate meaning that the less water there is the harder the heart has to beat in order to get the stagnant blood through the veins and arteries and into the entire body (Montain and Edward, 1992). The x-axis is time (out of 110), this shows that heart rate. The heart rate increases with the smaller amount of fluid. An experiment performed by Nadel et al. similarly tests the effects of hyperhydration and hypohydration on the heart rate and the circulatory system, however, the investigation compares and contrasts the two different conditions other than going into depth in one over the other (1980). Maximal arm blood flow was taken for both of the experiments and when in a hypohydration condition, the blood flow was reduced by almost 50% (Nadel et al. 1980). Though there was a difference in the amount of blood when hyperhydration conditions were met (subject drank 2 liters of water), the difference was not significant enough to make a large impact on the subjects heart rate (Nadel et al. 1980). However, when the subject then exercises the heart rate is abnormally slow compared to normal and hypohydration conditions (Nadel et al. 1980). A sufficient amount of water also helps maintain a constant internal temperature (Nadel et al. 1980). Temperature is actually a very good way to measure the blood p ressure and as seen in the figure 7 blood flow can be measured against temperature to find that the less water a person has, the higher the temperature is (Nadel et al. 1980). Measures blood flow versus temperature (rectum or esophageal temperature is always used in cases like this). An earlier experiment performed in the early 1940s noted in Effect of hydration state on circulatory and thermal regulations studied the same topic, but in a different manor (Nadel et al. 1980). Their findings were conclusive that even when hypohydration conditions are achieved, when water is given to the subject in large quantities, hyperhydration conditions are easily established and a quick rebound of water replacement in the body takes place (Nadel et al. 1980). In fact, the body reaches a steady condition in much less time than it takes the body to get into a critical condition. This illustrates the fast effects of water retake in the heart rate and body (Nadel et al. 1980). These detailed experiments are crucial in helping to understand why the classroom experiment had differed results. The study size, though it certainly inflicted the value of the data, was not the problem, but the quality of the subjects. They were all of different athletic potential and did not have similar heart rates or blood pressure rates. The collection procedure itself could also have some error. Subjects measured their own pressures and rates and did not exactly time it between each three minute intervals. There was also not enough time to collect sufficient data (hours of dedication were needed, not minuet minutes). However, this cannot completely dismiss the experiment, but seeing further evidence from the studies illustrated earlier, it is clear that the classroom results do not correlate with any of this previous research. Even though the experiments were exactly the same, similar results should have been expected because the basic outlines for both of the experiments were the same (Mountain vs. classroom experiment). Therefore, even if both experiments were testing for something different they should have experienced comparable outcomes. Data and conclusions drawn from this experiment are skewed and cannot accurately portray what happens when a sudden increase in hydration happens in the body. Therefore the null hypothesis has failed to be rejected. Sources Cited Weber KT, Janicki JS. 1985. Cardiopulmonary exercise testing for evaluation of chronic cardiac failure. The American journal of cardiology 55: Issue 2. Weedman and Sokoloski. 2009. Biology of Organisms: A Laboratory Manual for LIFE103. Mason, OH: Cengage Learning. p 173 184. Skoog MD, L. Nilsson MD, G. Persson MD, B. Lernfelt MD, S. Landahl MD, B. Palmertz MD, L-A. Andreasson MD, A. Odà ©n PhD and A. Svanborg MD. 1996. 15-year longitudinal study of blood pressure and dementia. The Lancet 347: 1141 1145. Montian J and Coyle F. 1992. Influence of graded dehydration on hyperthermia and cardiovascular drift during exercise. Journal of Applied Physiology 73: Issue 4. Nadel E R, Fortney M S, Wenger C B. 1980. Effect of hydration state of circulatory and thermal regulations. Journal of Applied Physiology 49: Issue 4.

Comparing the Family of Kingsolver’s Bean Trees with the Ideal Family

Comparing the Family Presented in Barbara Kingsolver’s The Bean Trees with the Ideal Family of Socrates In The Republic, Socrates idealized the perfect city. One of the aspects that he deliberated on was the raising of children and family structure. The conclusion reached by Socrates is that no parent will know his own offspring or any child his parents (457 d). It was Socrate's belief that the best atmosphere would be created in a communal upbringing of the city's children. In the same sense, he believed that they should take every precaution to insure that no mother knows her own child (460 c). Not even the mother, the traditional child-rearer, would be permitted to know or have a say in the lives of her own children, but in all of the children as a whole. Likewise, Barbara Kingsolver presents many similar ideas of family in her novel, The Bean Trees. While Kingsolver values the communal family, she differs from Socrates in that her primary focus is on the maternal force that drives the family. Socrates' idea of the collective family is evident in Barbara Kingsolver's work, as well. In The Bean Trees, Kingsolver illustrates the many different families that can be present in one's life, and the importance of that communal role. As Maureen Ryan points out, in the different world that [Kingsolver] envisions throughout her fiction, we'd all care for everyone's child (81). In Kingsolver vision, Taylor, Lou Ann, Turtle, and Dwayne Ray can live together as a family, supporting each other physically, spiritually, and mentally. Kingsolver also makes a point to include Taylor befriending Sandy, and how they help each other out by checking up on each other's kids at the mall day-care (67). Sandy is not the only on... ...and, does not acknowledge or consider the good that is to be gained by the eternal bond of mother and child, nor does he consider this bond when speculating on the possibility of his city. Kingsolver creates a much more realistic image of an ideal family - one that is nurturing and loving, while also teaching the child the basic necessities for survival. While his idea of a communal role is emphasized, Socrates idea of how motherhood should be handled is debunked by the powerful presentation by Kingsolver in The Bean Trees. Works Cited Kingsolver, Barbara. The Bean Trees. New York : Harper, 1988. Plato. The Republic. Classics of Moral and Political Theory. 2nd ed. Michael L. Morgan. Indianapolis : Hackett Publishing Company, 1996. 32 - 246. Ryan, Maureen. "Barbara Kingsolver's Lowfat Fiction." Journal of American Culture 18.4 (1995) : 77 - 82.

Essay --

Short Tandem Repeats are nucleic acid sequences in short strings, usually1-7 bases long, (ex. AGAT) which repeat over and over (ex. AGATAGATAGAT†¦). STRs can be subject to duplication, inversion or deletion, which may alter their sequence, if only by one base pair. They can be typed by PCR. The small size of STRs makes them easy and efficient to amplify, and allows testing to be done even on small pieces of DNA. This means STR typing can be performed on lower quality samples, more quickly (24 – 48 hours), and with smaller sample sizes (1 ug – 10 ng). Accordingly, STR typing is a great method for both forensic and paternity testing. The FBI developed the Combined DNA Index System (CODIS), a database of DNA profiles, using 13 STR markers. Similar to databases in other countries, CODIS catalogs DNA from repeat criminals, allowing agencies to search for a match between crime scene DNA and profiles in their catalog, in an attempt to identify a perpetrator. STR alleles are distinguished from each other by how many times their base sequence repeats (ex. how many times AGAT is repeated). PCR distinguishes how many base sequences are present in an allele by attaching a fluorescent marker to each base sequence (ex. AGAT), making it possible to count the number of repeats in a product. The process is typical of PCR. In the initial amplification step, sample is incubated with primers, polymerase, and buffer. This procedure is concurrently performed on control DNA from a standard. Next, the DNA is added to electrophoretic gel, along with formamide, allelic ladders (various alleles of the locus being sought), and internal size standards (markers of molecular weight). Once the gel has run, computers analyze the products. Analytic software det... ...ng with the APC itself). MHC Class I cells can be any nucleated cell within the body. If the MHC is Class II, it binds with extracellular antigens, such as parasites, bacteria and toxins. These extracellular antigens need to be inside the APCs, before they can bind with MHC. This requires APCs with MHC Class II to be phagocytic cells that swallow up the antigenic material. MHC Class II bearing APCs can be B-cells, dendritic cells, langerhans cells, or macrophages. Lysosomes inside these cells contain enzymes that break the antigens down into peptides. Once presented, the MHCs communicate with CD4+ receptors on T-cells. T-cells with these receptors are destined to become helper T-cells, once they are activated. At this point, the helper T-cells can release cytokines and coordinate the immune response by activating cytotoxic T-cells, other helper T-cells and B-cells.

Home Alarm Case Essay

1) What is the LTV (looking 8 years out) of a customer who used auto-pay? The Life time value of a customer who used auto-pay is $1670.69 (LTV net of acquisition costs= $1373.69) 2) 2)What is the LTV (looking 8 years out) of a customer who did not use auto-pay? The Life time value of a customer who did not use auto-pay is $1361.87 (LTV net of acquisition costs= $1064. 87) 3) What is the maximum amount that Home Alarm could spend on customer and salesperson incentives to convert a residential customer to auto-pay? The maximum amount that could be spent should be the difference between the Lifetime Value of customers that sign up for non-autopay service ($1064.87) and the LTV for the ones who opted for an autopay service ($1373.69); which is $308,82. So far, Home Alarm doesn’t assign any budget for marketing at the time of sign up, so it could be a good idea to invest this amount ($308,82), or less, for a marketing campaign during the acquisition period, emphasizing the convenience of the automatic payment contract. 4) What new pricing strategies and services should Home Alarm consider to sign up new customers with auto-pay? One strategy to push new customers to sign up with autopay could be offering them the installation for free. In this case the cost of acquisition for each new customer who signs up for the autopay service would be $492 instead of $297. With this option, the lifetime value of each customer who opts for the autopay service will be $1178.69, lower than the amount that could have  been earned had they chosen this solution anyway, but higher than the $1373,69 that the company would earn had they not chosen the autopay. The main problem for this option is that we don’t have any information about the percentage of people that would choose the automatic payment without any incentive; indeed if we assume that 50% of the customer would choose the automatic payment in any case, we would earn 113,82 dollars (1178.69-1064.87) on average for each customer who decides to choose the automatic payment over the non automatic one, but we would lose $195 for each customer that would have chosen this method even without incentives. (Table 1) It could be worthwhile to offer just a reduction of the installation costs. For instance, offering a discount of 50% on the installation cost would increase the LTV of customers that choose autopay over non-autopay by more than $200 and would create a loss of only $97,5 per customer that would have opted for autopay without further incentive. Another strategy could be offering the new customers who opt for an automatic payment service a fixed price for the first three years (not increased by the annual 3% rate). In this case the LTV net of the acquisition costs would be $1305,5, still higher than the one the company would earn whether the customer opts for a not automatic payment. Moreover, offering 8 years of fixed price ($480) is still more profitable than the case in which the chose a not autopay method, but it is, in my opinion, not recommendable, because of the negative effect that it could have on the customer that chose this option before. Indeed they could decide to resign the contract and try to get a new one with the more convenient conditions. (Table 2) 5) What new pricing strategies and services should Home Alarm consider to convert existing customers to auto-pay? Taking in consideration the attrition rate during the past nine years, it seems to be more convenient try to convert the customers as early as possible; indeed the peak of the churn rate is between the third and the fourth year. One solution could be offering discounts for the customers that are willing to switch method, maybe offering them a reduction in the general rate. For example, the customers that opt for convert their payment method  could see their price increase just by 2% per year instead of the 3%. For instance, if the conversion happens during the first year, the LVT net of acquisition costs would be $1243.17 (the retention rate for the first year would be the same of the non autopay situation), significantly higher than the basic case. This numbers are obtained in the optimistic scenario where the attrition rate in case of switch would be exactly the same of the ones who initially chose for the automatic payment. (Table 3) Another option could be offering couple of years with a fixed price, as explained for the new customers.

Persuasive Speech on Social Networking Essay

Since the Internet has rapidly propagated, social media has progressed rapidly. The widespread use of mobile devices to access the internet gradually transformed the nature of our social interactions. Most people use smart phones, iPhone or mobile internet devices to easily access social network. Since the function that people can interact online through social media, chat or share information with each other. It helps us contact friends, family, and other people even if they live far away. The service they can receive by using it are very impressive, most of people have their own account for participating. Although social media leads people to have more interaction and promotes long-distance relationships, it has a lot of bad things that make us out of control. see more:social networks and our young generation. Many of social media users are addicted and they became more isolated by using social media. Social media has many advantages; nevertheless, it can be abused in moments by young children if we are not careful, because they can easily access social media. We need to understand and regulate the use of social media by young children. My own view is that we should understand and regulating the use of social media by young children, because overusing social media can create strong addictions, develop mental or physical disorders, and waste our time. First of all, social media, such as Facebook, are very addictive. Especially, people who are lonely can become easily addicts. Human is social animal, so they want to make relationship with others. People would say drug or alcohol is more addictive and harmful for children than social media; social media addiction is not a big problem. Unfortunately, it is not true. Social media can lead to compulsive behavior. A report of the social media addiction by University of Chicago’s Booth School of Business says: â€Å"There is evidence to show as well that social behaviors like hugs and smiles are associated with dopamine release †¦ it’s possible that social media is pleasurable and becomes addictive via the dopamine mechanism just as drugs or alcohol can.† In the light of these facts, surely social media can make addicts, and it is hard to escape. The problem is most people who have an addiction to social media and do not even realize it. Children, also, can easily get mental and physical disorders through using social media. People might think social media does not contribute to disorders. They argue that social media is good for mental diseases because it help them express their  feelings or thought easily. Also, through social media, they can be more connected with each other. However, as stated above, if children become addicts, naturally we could think they have emotional instability. Social media offers limited real interaction, through online contact. On the Mental Health Blog, psychologist, Aric Sigman claimed â€Å"Spending too much time online could lead to social isolation, loneliness and a negative outlook. These types of psychological symptoms could eventually lead to more serious health concerns, such as heart disease, cancer and dementia. (Sigman)† Using social media disturbs make deep relationship with others. When they are using social media they do not need to move or be active. As a result, it leads to mental and physical disorders. Social media can become handicap in our life. In this sense, social media can hinder people to improve their talents. People think social media is good place to show their talents or works what they did. For example, they argue people can share video clip what they playing the instruments or dancing or singing. However, if you are not good at those things and if you spend time to do social media, it would be hard to improve your talents. Using social media steals your time what really want to do. If you do not pay attention, your time would go very fast, and it could not be returned. If you read books, or study, exercise, or practice something that you want to do instead of using social media, it would be much better for you and your future life. I conducted surveys about relationships between using social media and studying last semester. Most students answered using social media is not helpful for studying. Also, students who got good grades spent just a little time to use social media. These results can be adjusted to young children because they are more easily influenced by social media. Especially, the young generation and children are easy to be exposed to environments which using social media. Social media are favorite not only along with teens or youngsters; it is growing among working people and also adults. Social media is regarded as an addiction and many people are becoming addicts every day. It can occur mentally and physically and make  you waste time. As you can see, we need to understand and regulate the use of social media by young children. The most famous social networks, YouTube, Facebook and Skype are included. It is important to know why people have to use social media carefully and need some restrictions when using it. Many people love social media because of its wide connectivity and functions that people can receive it for free; it does not require money to make an account and use it. Facebook is the most visible among various social media. First thing that people get impressed is, Facebook makes possible to create a deep networking between users. Since each user has a right to accept or refuse the friend request, the interest by people is high enough. Moreover people tend to allow the other’s friend request who have same thoughts and characteristics, by this reason it is able to maintain an intimate relationship. Not only users can leave comment on other’s post and the other user reply to that comment, by doing this continuing communication can be accomplished. So, it is a same response of users that deep networking can be made naturally. The second benefit is, it is good in long distance relationship. The survey from the â€Å"Telegraph† which is a famous newspaper in United Kingdom, tells that Social networks such as Facebook are helping to inspire a boom in long distance relationships. The number of people who have a partner that lives mor e than two hours away increased about twice in the last 10years. Three quarters of them say that by using social network such as Facebook and MySpace where everything can be shared, they were able to maintain their long-distance relationship. In my case, I am not living with my family. I live in Utah and my family live in Korea. It is hard to contact each other and I cannot know what my family is doing their country and also they do not know what I am doing in this country. But after we started to use Skype, we can check each other what we daily do. If I want to see my family’s face, I can see by using videophone. Even though I and my family live far away about 5500miles, we can check each other’ status whenever we want because of development of social media. Even if Facebook and MySpace, those kinds of social media have various advantages, it receives less attention than the bad effects of social media. The most serious problem of social media is addiction. One reporter described that â€Å"Text messaging is no longer the biggest t eenage obsession, and long gone are the days where the biggest worries for parents were celebrity crushes, massive phone bills from  ridiculously long phone calls and chocolate overloads. These teenage obsessions still exist, but in today’s day and age, and in comparison to the Facebook craze, they seem rather insignificant This huge issue also applied to me and my friends. When I came to Utah first, I had a hard time conversing with the people in this country. For learning English I decided to do Facebook rather than reading books or watching television, which is effective but not fun method. Because of Facebook’s worldwide connection, I was able to have more time and chance to communicate with my school friends. Soon, I could talk with Utah friends about private things and school work. As my relationship gets stronger, the time I spent doing Facebook extended, chat on-line and do applications already took a place in my life. I felt logging on Facebook was the best time ever in Utah since it helps me to learn language, to make friends, and to escape from boring life on abroad. But, the problem began with doing Facebook actively. My primary work of the d ay was doing Facebook. I preferred doing Facebook more than any other important work, including doing homework, exercising, sleeping, and even going to school. When I realized there was a problem, it was after I was addicted to Facebook. With my cousin’s help I could get away from Facebook, the dangerous social network. But some of my friends are still suffering from a Facebook with addiction. Another thing is that some person becomes lonelier after using social media. Most people might think that because social media have a benefit that give more opportunity to people to have more interactions through social network, people can strengthen relationship with their friends by chatting and leaving comments on each other’s wall and even people could make new friends by online meeting. Opposed to their thoughts, it is not. According to interview with Dr. John Cacioppo, who is a professor in neuroscience at the University of Chicago, tells that â€Å"â€Å"You can end up online so much that you end up sacrificing face-to-face contact. Having 4000 friends on Facebook might make you feel that you have lots of friends, but you have no face-to-face contact. In that case, loneliness INCREASES (Johnson).† It is not possible to make real relationship if people do not meet face to face. The people who were not talkative and social would be worse. One of my friends could example of this. He was poor at interacting with friends, he could not participate in our conversation and if we initiated a conversation, he stepped behind and went to his place. After he started using social media, the number of interaction with friends decreased. And he even did not make new friends through social media and he became less social. It led him to feel more loneness and seriously he tried to suicide once. It was one of happening events around me result of using social media. It is a really serious problem in this society. It is related to human’s life. This big problem is not facing to us. In conclusion, although social media has lots of benefits that are attractive and helpful to us, it usually gives more harmful influences than good effects. Like an addiction and fraud advertising, it is not anymore a small problem that can be ignored. To make better future, it is really important to use social media carefully. All things are depended on you.

Of Mice And Men Characters Essay

In ‘Of Mice And Men,’ all the characters have different problems, whether they are physical, mental or personal. Although the two characters who I feel have the most problems are Crooks and George. Crooks, the black stable buck is forever being pick on by the other men at the ranch, mostly because of his colour. In the time in which the book was set, black people in America were thought of as lower than white people. At the ranch, Crooks cannot live in the bunk-house with all the other men, but he has to sleep in the harness room, at the back of the barn. In this room he is surrounded by all the unused horse tack, and therefore has hardly any space for his personal belongings. Crooks is given no privacy, and gets quite cross because he is not allowed to enter the bunk-house but the other men can just walk into his room. In the book he says to Lennie, â€Å"You’ve no right to come into my room, nobody got any right in here but me.† After he has talked to Lennie for a while, he starts to enjoy having someone to talk to, because when he is in his room by himself, there is no one he can talk with. I think that he likes talking to Lennie because he realized that Lennie is slow, so Crooks can say what he wants and Lennie will not remember anything. To get the other men back for teasing him, he becomes very sour when they enter his room, and as he passes the other men he ignores them, as a pay back for the names they call him. Although I do feel that Crooks gets extremely lonely. All day long he is on his own, he cannot work because he has a crooked back, from once being kicked by a horse, so he has to stay behind at the ranch and generally look after the place. When he was abused by Curley, he cannot answer back, because Curley is the Boss’ son, and he knows that if he gets fired, he will probably not get another job because of his disability. The other man who I think has a lot of problems is George. He has to take Lennie with him everywhere, although, Lennie often gets into trouble and this gets George into trouble too. Without Lennie around him George could have such a good life, â€Å"God almighty, if I was alone I could live so easy. I could get a job and work, an’ no trouble. No mess at all, and when the end of the month come, I could take my fifty bucks and go into town and get whatever I want.† This shows that without Lennie with him, causing trouble, he could keep a good job, and spend his time in the way he wants to, without having to think about anyone else. Although I do think that George likes Lennie, as he is always there to talk to and to share dreams with, they are obviously very close, but George does get annoyed with him, especially because Lennie finds it hard to remember things, such as where they are traveling to. Although he does seem to remember every bad word George says about him. When George talks of the ‘little place’ they’re going to get, his face lights up and he really enjoys seeing Lennie happy and even though George is stuck with Lennie, he still likes having him there. When George is talking to Slim, in the book, he tries to cover up for Lennie’s mistakes in Weed, as he knows that Lennie would never hurt anyone on purpose. At the end of the book when George shoots Lennie he knew that he had to kill him. I think that partly the reason for this is because George knows that Lennie will be shot any way, but if he did it, it would be out of love and protection, and not revenge and hatred. George also knows that he cannot go on with Lennie, always running away from some kind of trouble that Lennie has caused, and the incident at the ranch was probably the last straw. Out of the two men described, I think that the person with the most problems is George. In the first part of the book, he always had Lennie with him, making things very difficult for him to have any privacy or time for himself. Lennie prevented him from ever keeping a job, and this often got him into trouble. At the end of the book, when George shot Lennie, he felt awful, because he was killing his best, and probably only friend. George would always live with the memory of Lennie, and the memory of how he shot him. All throughout the book George was telling Lennie that the other guys on these ranches move from place to place, having nobody. Now George would be like these other guys, but before he and Lennie. I think that George has more problems than Crooks, because in America in those times, all black people were treated lower than whites. Crooks cannot help this problem, because wherever he goes, he would receive the same kind of abuse. Another disadvantage Crooks has, is his crooked back, but again, he cannot help this so he did not create the problem. I feel very sorry for George, as he and Lennie have been through so much together, at some times, he wished that he never had to stay with Lennie, but now everything it over for him and he wants Lennie back.