Pathology of Rheumatoid Arthritis

Pathology of Rheumatoid Arthritis Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is characterized by painful inflammatory autoimmune disorder by di-arthrodial joints, the wide of production of cytokines, and destruction of joints (see the fig.1). Thickness of cells up to 5 to 8 multiples of synovium and as well as the turnout of subintima to be loose tissue of granulomatous inflammation. Pannus which tissue recognized, then destroyed by invading the bone and cartilage. Pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory imbalance are expressed on induction RA a synovitis (Feldmann, 2002). Fig1. Show a healthy and Rheumatoid Arthritis bones joint. The pathology of RA by promoting the maintain the inflammatory (erosive) synovitis, and joint tissue of adjacent are destruction, William McCann, 2008, contribution towards the blood bone cells are (Feldmann,2002) rheumatoid arthritics synovial fibroblasts, dendritic cells, macrophages, plasma cells, T cells, B cells and fibroblast-like synoviocytes. RA play an essential role of resident cells which gradually (Feldmann,2002) that contributed the bones degradation, cartilage and soft tissues while they secretion of matrix metalllo- proteases are developed and molecules are adhesion, then towards contributed in loss of range of joint motion and malformation, also premature mortality are contributed in many other similar cases. cytokines have been implicated in each phase of the pathogens disease are involved by cytokinesis. Often target as a TNFÃŽÂ ± is a standard treatment for RA. Role of rheumatoid arthritics Cytokines TH1 is linked with early studies of RA. Essential arbitrator are consider as a cytokine which they produced lower quantities of inflammatory response, even though they are the biological impact while they producing the less quantities, event of initiating downstream successive, drug discovery which target to identification of fundamental role of cytokines on RA are disorder driven by T cells populations that manufacture the cytokines inflammatory. Several techniques are carry out by many research group were observed the primary analysis of cytokines, which detect TNFa (Tumor necrosis factor alpha) on RA and TNFb in nit. After finding TNF and cytokines IL-1 are came up with many questions, was not detected without any satisfaction answer, local synovial joints are produced by arbitrators, in that case which cell are responsible to RA? consequently, all used alienate rheumatoid arthritis synovial membrane Brennan et, mono-nuclear cells to distinguish between the presence on o ne of a kind cytokines in the RA of pathology Table 1. Shows the presence of cytokines in RA synovial cells are listed below. Spontaneously produced cytokines by RA Profile of Arthritis Cytokine IL-1ÃŽÂ ² IL-1RA LT IL-2 IL-3 IL-12 MIP-3ÃŽÂ ± IL-17 IL-23 TNFÃŽÂ ± TGFÃŽÂ ² IFNT PDGF-A PDGF-B RANTES G-CSF GM-CSF TGFB Abbreviations of protein has been proved: TNF, Tumor necrosis factor; IL-1ÃŽÂ ², Interleukin-1 beta; IL-1RA, IL-1 Receptor Antagonist; LT, lymphotoxin; MIP-3ÃŽÂ ±, Macrophage Inflammatory Protein 3 alpha; TGFÃŽÂ ², Transforming Growth Factor beta-1; TNFÃŽÂ ±, Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha; IFNT, interferon gamma; PDGF-A, platelet derived growth factor alpha, PDGF-B; RANTES, regulated on activation normal T expressed and secretion; G-CSF, granulocytes colony stimulating factor; GM-CSF, granulocytes macrophages colony stimulating factor; TGFB, transforming factor beta. TNF alpha and IL-1 are vital in mediating irritation in RA. Randomized section II and III clinical trials of anti-TNF reagents (infliximab and etanercept) have validated a suitable safety profile and marked medical efficacy in instances of RA that have no longer replied thoroughly to conventional therapy. One anti-TNF reagent has already been approved within the U.S. for the remedy of RA, and other cytokine antagonists or agonists are under improvement. Experimental findings in TNF-deficient mouse fashions advocate that TNF inhibitors may also trade the sickness process of RA and bring about the ability of immunological remission, elevating the possibility of a treatment excursion of TNF inhibitors after in depth treatment. References    Feldmann M, Brennan FM, Maini RN. 2002. Role of cytokines in rheumatoid arthritis. [ONLINE] Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8717520. [Accessed 8 December 2016]. McCann, William. 2008. The role of physical activity in rheumatoid arthritis. [ONLINE] Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18234247. [Accessed 15 December 2016]. Genetics Home Reference. 2017. rheumatoid arthritis Genetics Home Reference. [ONLINE] Available at: https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/rheumatoid-arthritis. [Accessed 22 January 2017]. Next stage of RA treatment: is TNF inhibitor-free remission a possible treatment goal? Tanaka Annals of the Rheumatic Disease. 2017. Next stage of RA treatment: is TNF inhibitor-free remission a possible treatment goal? Tanaka Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. [ONLINE] Available at: http://ard.bmj.com/content/early/2012/12/18/annrheumdis-2012-202350.abstract. [Accessed 22 January 2017]. Cytokines Rheumatoid Arthritis. 2017. Cytokines Rheumatoid Arthritis. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.ebioscience.com/knowledge-center/antigen/cytokines/rheumatoid-arthritis.htm. [Accessed 22 January 2017].

The Relationship Shared Amongst Students and Teachers Essay -- Educati

Relationship Shared amongst Teachers and Students Nowadays, there is much controversy plaguing our society as to how the perfect relationship between teachers and their students should be. One pupil might be favored more than another in the classroom by the teacher, making this extra attention unfair to the other students. Almost always, there is a question pending as to what should the situation be inside a classroom. Nobody has yet come up with a solution to solve the problems facing our societys school system and the relationship the students hold with their teachers. An equal balance of fairness, dedication, and hard work should come from both teachers and students. Once we achieve this goal, our classrooms will have teachers giving a hundred percent and their will and effort to teach while the students give their hundred percent of effort to learn and participate at the same time. The teachers responsibilities are much greater than that of the students. In the Mission Statements, I found an interesting quote from the Evergreen State College which says, The main purpose of a college is to teach, and good teaching involves close interaction between faculty and students (54). I strongly agree with what this college mission is saying because this statement personifies teachers responsibilities since the better teachers teach, the closer those teachers will reach out to their students filling the students anxious brains with more knowledge. Fulfilling this task will both make a successful student and well as a successful teacher. To ensure the best education for a student, teachers must put forth all efforts and knowledge to enlighten their students. Often times, you can find students just not willing to pay attention to... ... waste and vice-versa. Teachers may feel more pressured due to concerned parents or others who want their children to have the best education as possible. This can be avoided if the teacher educates very thoroughly and properly to get across to the majority of the students if not all of them. This relationship is not like a see-saw, there cannot be more effort put from one than the other. The relationship must be equal from both the teacher and the students side to achieve success on both ends. Works Cited Hart, Jeffrey. How to Get a College Education. Boston: Bedford/St. Martins, 2000: 126-132 Lunsford, Andrea A. and John J. Ruszkiewicz. The Presence of Others. Boston: Bedford/St. Martins, 2000. Rose, Mike. Lives on the Boundary. Boston: Bedford/St. Martins, 2000: 105-119. Thomas, David. The Mind of Man. Boston: Bedford/St. Martins, 2000: 120- 125.

Project Management on World Trade Organization ministerial Conference of 2005

Executive Summary The aim of this report is to investigate the project management aspects relating to the World Trade Organisation’s (WTO) ministerial conference in 2005. This report details the issues relating to project management and the impact of the project management practices on the outcome of the event. It identifies the key stakeholders in the project and the role they had in determining the success/failure of the project. This report further discusses the role of the leadership and the effective team building and management skills and how much of an impact these had in the successful project delivery. Introduction The World Trade Organisation (WTO) Sixth Ministerial Conference which is abbreviated as MC6 and popularly known as the Hong Kong Ministerial Conference was held between the 13th and 18th December, 2005 at the Hong Kong Convention and Exhibition Centre. The total turn around expected for the conference was representatives from around 148 countries across the globe. The Hong Kong People’s Alliance led a protest on the WTO which mainly consisted of farmers from South Korea. The three main designated protest zones included Wan Chai Sports ground and the region around Wan Chai Cargo Handling Basin. The total budget for the ministerial conference was Hong Kong $250 million (WTO, 2005).BackgroundThe highest decision making body of the World Trade Organisation is the Ministerial Conference that meets a minimum of once every two years. This ministerial conference provides the organisation with the direction and helps in the decision making process (HKPA, 2006). The conference held from 13th – 18th December 2005 is the sixth ministerial conference and was aimed at making a decision about the liberalisation of farm trade and reaching an agreement relating to farm subsidies . It also aimed at successfully concluding the 2006 Doha Round (Target WTO, 2005).The role of the project managerThe project manager of the WTO conference 2005 is responsible for the success of the project and also ensuring that the stakeholders relationships are well maintained and that all the stakeholders are able to effectively communicate and share their ideas about agricultural issues (Heydon, 2006). Given that the WTO ministerial conferences play a major role in the decision making process and ensuring that multilateral trade agreements are smoothly implemented, the role of the project manager cannot be underestimated (Alam, 2008). This report discusses the role of the project manager in establishing good stakeholder relationships and his role in the success of the project.Project Objectives and ScopeThe objectives and scope of the 2005 HK WTO conference was to establish: Market access – reduction in the tariff of goods Domestic support – direct payments to be made to the farmers and local producers Export Subsidies Services – remove restrictions internationally in various service sectors and Singapore Issues – demand for transparency in laws, fair competition etc. (UN, 2005) The scope of the project management planning activities included arrangement of venue, security and emergency, organisation of logistics, managing media, budgeting and risk and contingency planning (Alam, 2008). Stakeholder Analysis This section of the report discusses the key stakeholders in the HK WWTO 2005 meeting, stakeholder analysis methods to effectively communicate with these stakeholders in order to ensure smooth communication. Stakeholder Analysis is defined as the activity which analyses in depth the attitudes of all the key stakeholders towards a project (Goodpaster, 1991). Other definitions by researchers (Freeman, 1984) include ‘a group of individuals who can affect or be affected by the achievement of the organization objectives’.Key StakeholdersThe key stakeholders of the WTO include the member nations, the vendors, tradesmen, farmers and other categories of trade associations, the media, the public, governing bodies, the international trade community. It also includes the general population and public that are affected directly or indirectly as a result of the agreements and arrangements made by the WTO Ministerial conference committee (Alam, 2008).High Power , High InterestOne of the member nations that holds high power as well as high interest in the World Trade Organisation. There are a total of 153 nations in the WTO and the USA engages with various other nations and takes a leadership role in the WTO ministerial. For instance, USA played a key role in the Doha Conference and was blamed both directly and indirectly for holding up t he talks and the progress of the sessions. Given the high power and interest it holds in the WTO, USA aims to boost its exports. It plays a major role in the WTO negotiations to enhance its stance in the WTO as a ‘leader’ and also to use the opportunity to initiate talks with its trading partners like Japan and India. Given its power, most decisions of the trade-rounds are highly influenced by the United States (BBC, 2013).High Power, Low InterestHong Kong as one of the key members of the WTO was the host to the fifth ministerial conference in the year 2005. Though being a key member, Hong Kong has not shown much interest in the activities of the WTO and has not taken any proactive steps in issue resolution of the ongoing issues of the WTO. Be it agriculture or environmental issues,Hong Kong remains to be a silent spectator in most cases which clearly indicates the lack of interest in influencing the member states or steering them to decision making on specific issues (BBC, 2013).Low Power, High InterestThe farmers and the agriculture community worldwide have high interest in the activities of the WTO as the trade agreements that are negotiated and agreed upon have a serious bearing on their livelihood and concerns. There is a growing concern relating to fairer trade markets, food security and farming subsidies. Though there is a lot of interest shown by the farming community, they do not have the power to speak and hence do not have the influencing capability. The increase in the suicide rates of farmers is also attributed to the failure of WTO to understand their concerns and the lack of transparency and inequality in dealings of the WTO (Long, 2007; Shiva, 2014). Researchers also suggest that there is a lack of understanding from the WTO committee members on the needs of the farmers and the decisions made are not in line with their demands (Anderson and Martin, 2005).Low Power, Low InterestThe last type of stakeholders have the least power an d are also not very much interested in the activities of the WTO. The citizens of Hong Kong for example, belong to this stakeholder group. Given that the multilateral agreements are huge and complex, the authorities do not have the capacity and capability to scrutinise the details of all contracts. Also, the authorities of a country are not held accountable for the negotiations and agreements signed. This makes them lose interest given that they neither have the power nor the capacity to influence the decision making. Also there are restrictions that prohibit them from questioning the authority (Keohane and Nye, 2001; Scharpf, 2000). Stakeholder Management Stakeholder management is essential for the smooth communication and functioning of an organisation and also to ensure that the objectives of the organisation are achieved. Stakeholder management should be in line with the strategic management objectives of the organisation and the type of the stakeholder that needs to be satisfied should be taken into account depending on the organisation type in order to ensure that these expectations are met. It is essential to first identify the various stakeholders, their role in the organisation, the decision making authority they have in the organisation and how much their ideas or ideals would affect the success of the organisation. Once these are identified, it is essential to develop a stakeholder management strategy that is aimed at not only satisfying these stakeholders but also helps achieve the overall objective of the organisation (Freeman, 2001). In a multicultural organisation or where the organisation is huge and spans across different continents and cultures, the stakeholder management strategy becomes inevitable. It defines the communication methods and helps understanding the do’s and don’ts in each geographic location. It also helps achieve transparency in operations and facilitates better participation of the stakeholders in the decision making process. Stronger business decisions that are sustainable, long term and ethical are facilitated by a good stakeholder management approach (Carroll and Buchholtz, 2014).Communication ManagementResearchers believe that not all stakeholders of an organisation have equal importance. For example, in a non-governmental organisation which is aimed at helping people, the pubic might be the key stakeholder as opposed to a business organisation which aims at satisfying the primary needs of the shareholders. Hence, in a diverse world where the needs of the organisations diff er, it is essential to understand the primary stakeholders who needs to be satisfied and devise a communication management plan to ensure that the communication to these stakeholders are made in near real-time and in an effective manner (Podnar and Jancic, 2006; Jacobson et al, 2009).Tuckman’s Communication ModelBruce Tuckman devised a five step communication model in the year 1975. These five steps includes: Forming Storming Norming Performing and Adjourning Forming: This is where the leader gives the guidance to the team and the initial stage in the communication process. This is a stage where the roles and responsibilities are unclear Storming: Brainstorming activities take place, compromises happen, clarity increases and the team members get a basic understanding of what is required of them Norming: The team members agree by consensus. The leader facilitates the decision making but the team members are now in a position to agree. The roles and responsibilities defined by the leader in the forming stage are now very clear and evident. Performing: The team members are strategically aware and are able to execute their responsibilities and perform better in order to achieve the goals. They work on their own and there is very little interference from the leader. The leader is called for when there is guidance required both in terms of personal and interpersonal development Adjourning: Also known as Deforming or Mourning, refers to the breaking up of the group after the successful completion of the task. This stage involves identification of good performers, the well-being of the team and also measuring the performance. (Tuckman, 1977) Conclusion This report gave a brief about the role of the project manager in the HK 2005 WTO ministerial conference and the various stakeholders, the level of interest and the power to influence the decision making of the WTO. Furthermore, this report also discussed effective stakeholder management techniques and methods, communication strategy in relation to the WTO. References Freeman (1984) Strategic Management, A Stakeholder Approach, Pitman, Boston Podnar, K., & Jancic, Z. (2006). Towards a categorization of stakeholder groups: An empirical verification of a three?level model. Journal of Marketing Communications, 12(4), 297-308. Jacobson, S. K., & McDuff, M. D. (2009). Communication as an effective management strategy in a diverse world. Wildlife and Society: The Science of Human Dimensions. Tuckman, B. W., & Jensen, M. A. C. (1977). Stages of small-group development revisited. Group & Organization Management, 2(4), 419-427. Carroll, A., & Buchholtz, A. (2014). Business and society: Ethics, sustainability, and stakeholder management. Cengage Learning. Freeman, R. E., & McVea, J. (2001). A stakeholder approach to strategic management. Scharpf, F. W., & Schmidt, V. A. (Eds.). (2000). Welfare and work in the open economy: volume ii: diverse responses to common challenges in twelve countries (Vol. 2). Oxford University Press. Keohane, R. O., & Nye, J. S. (2001). Power and interdependence (Vol. 3). New York: Longman. Shiva, Vandana (2014) Of food, farmers and WTO’s doublespeak, Available at: http://www.asianage.com/columnists/food-farmers-and-wto-s-doublespeak-972 accessed on 06/12/14 Long, Jessica (2007):â€Å"WTO Kills Farmers†: India Free Market Reforms Trigger Farmers’ Suicides, Global Research Anderson, K. and Martin, W. (2005), Agricultural Trade Reform and the Doha Development Agenda. World Economy, 28: 1301–1327. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9701.2005.00735.x BBC (2013): Profile: World Trade Organization, Available at: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/country_profiles/2429503.stm accessed on 05/12/14 WTO (2005): Hong Kong WTO Ministerial 2005: Briefing Notes, The â€Å"Win-Win† Potential for trade and environment, Available at: http://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/minist_e/min05_e/brief_e/brief11_e.htm accessed on 05/12/14 HKPA (2006): Hong Kong People’s Alliance on WTO, Wayback Machine, Available at: Accessed on 05/12/14 Target WTO (2005): Target World Trade Organisation, Available at: http://www.targetwto.revolt.org/ Accessed on 05/12/14 Alam S (2008): Sustainable Development and Free Trade, Institutional Approaches, Routledge, UK Heydon K (2006): After the Hong Kong Ministerial Meeting: What is at stake?, OECD, France United Nations(2005): Perspectives from the ESCAP Region after the Fifth WTO Ministerial Meeting: Ideas and Actions Following Cancun (Studies in Trade and Investment), United Nations

Questions on Project Management Fundamentals - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1176 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2017/09/18 Category Management Essay Type Argumentative essay Tags: Organization Essay Risk Management Essay Did you like this example? Questions on Project Management Fundamentals 1. Which of the following is not a project? a. Running an election campaign for a political candidate. b. Building a bridge over a river. c. Pilot aircraft for a United flight. d. Writing a book on Project Management. 2. Which of the following is not correct about initial phase of a project? e. The cost associated at the beginning of the project is highest. f. Stakeholders have maximum influence during this phase g. The highest uncertainty is at this stage of the project. h. All the above statements are correct. 3. At which stage, does a typical project has maximum cost? . Initial stage j. Middle stage k. Final stage l. Cost is same at all stages. 4. At which stage, in a typical project do stakeholders have maximum influence? m. Initial stage n. Middle stage o. Final stage p. Shareholders have similar influence at all stages. 5. You are the Project Managers of XYZ consultants. The Project team members are from Finance and HR depart ments. The team members report to Finance and HR Managers respectively, and you have limited control over them. What type of organizational hierarchy does XYZ consultants follow? q. Matrix organization r. Projectized organization s. Functional organization . None of these. 6. The Project Managers have maximum authority in which type of organization? u. Weak Matrix organization v. Balanced Matrix organization w. Strong Matrix x. Project Managers have same authority in the three types of organizations. 7. Which organization is closest to Functional organization? y. Weak Matrix organization z. Balanced Matrix organization {. Strong Matrix |. Projectized organization 8. Which of these is not one of the constraint of a project? }. Scope ~. Resources . Team ?. Budget 9. There are two processes in the initiating process group. These are part of which knowledge area? . Project Cost Management ?. Project Scope Management ?. Project Time Management ?. Project Integration Management 10. Which of the following is a project? ?. Sending a weekly status report ?. Improving the roads of London for 2012 Olympics ?. Getting ready for office every day ?. Selling toys in a toy store Answers 1. c. Projects must be a unique endeavor. Piloting a flight is a regular day-today operation, and not a project. 2. a. There is minimum requirement of personnel and hence minimum cost at the project initiation stage. 3. b. In the middle stages, the resources and cost usage is maximum. 4. . It is easy to make changes to project goals and approach at the initial stage. Stake holders have maximum influence at this stage. 5. c. The team members report to Functional Managers. 6. c. In strong matrix organization, Project Managers have more authority. 7. a. Weak matrix organizations have a similar characteristics to Functional organizations. 8. c. Projects constraints are Scope, Resources, Quality, Schedule, Budget and Risk 9. d. The two processes Develop Project Charter, and Develop Preliminary Pr oject Scope statement are part of project integration management knowledge area. 10. b. Other operations are ongoing operations and not projects. Questions on Project Risk Management 1. Andrew has joined as the Project Manager of a project. One of the project documents available to Andrew lists down all the risks in a hierarchical fashion. What is this document called? a. Risk Management Plan. b. List of risks. c. Monte Carlo diagram. d. Risk Breakdown Structure. 2. Which of the following statements is true about risks? e. When evaluating risks their impact should be considered, however probability of occurrence is not important. f. Risks if they happen always have negative impact and not positive. . Risk register documents all the risks in detail. h. Risk response plan is another name for Risk Management Plan. 3. Beta is the Project Manager of a Road construction project. During a project review, Beta realizes that one particular risk has occured. To take appropriate action agai nst risk that has happened, Beta needs to refer to which document? i. Risk response plan j. Risk management plan k. Risk breakdown structure l. Risk register 4. During which stage of Risk planning are risks prioritized based on probability and impact? m. Identify Risks n. Plan Risk responses o. Perform Qualitative risk analysis . Perform Quantitative risk analysis 5. During which stage of Risk planning are modeling techniques used to determine overall effects of risks on project objectives for high probability, high impact risks? q. Identify Risks r. Plan Risk responses s. Perform Qualitative risk analysis t. Perform Quantitative risk analysis 6. Andrew is a Project Manager for Green Valley project. A risk management plan has been prepared for the project. Which of the following should Andrew do next? u. Perform Qualitative risk analysis v. Perform Quantitative risk analysis w. Identify Risks x. Plan Risk responses . Which of the following processes has risk register as the primary output? y. Plan Risk Management z. Identify Risks {. Monitoring and Control Risks |. Perform Qualitative Risk Analysis 8. Five of the processes in Project Risk Management are from which process group? }. Initiating ~. Planning . Executing ?. Monitoring and Control 9. John Strauss is a Project Manager for a reforestation project. To identify the risks involved, John sends a questionnaire to gather inputs from experts. Which technique is John using? ?. Delphi technique ?. Interviews ?. Brain storming ?. Documentation review 0. Mathew is a Project Manager for software migration at a bank. A major risk that has been identified is attrition of resources. As a strategy to respond to this risk, Mathew, with support from Senior Management, provides good increments to his team members. What type of risk response is Mathew following? ?. Accept ?. Avoid ?. Transfer ?. Mitigate 11. Which of these is a valid response to positive risks? ?. Exploit ?. Mitigate ?. Enhance ?. Share Answers 1. d. Hi erarchical description of risks is called Risk Breakdown structure. 2. c. Risk register documents the risks in detail. . a. Beta needs to refer to the Risk response plan that documents responses to identified risks. 4. c. Risk probability and impact are defined during Qualitative risk analysis. 5. d. 6. c. Risk identification is performed after performing the risk management plan. 7. b. Process of Identify Risks has Risk register as the major output. 8. b. Five of the six processes in Project Risk Management are part of the Planning process group. 9. a. John is using the Delphi technique to identify risks. 10. d. Mathew is mitigating the risk by reducing the probability of risk happening 1. Risk mitigation is a response to negative risks and not positive risks. Positive risks may be responded by Exploit, Enhance, Share, Accept. Questions on Project Communication Management 1. The process of Manage Stakeholders Expectations is part of which process group? a. Planning b. Monitoring a nd Control c. Executing d. Initiating 2. The project you are managing has nine stakeholders. How many channel of communications are there between these stakeholders? e. 9 f. 8 g. 45 h. 36 3. Which of the following is not an example of formal communication? i. Contract j. email k. Project status report l. Status meeting 4. Which of the following process is not included in project communication knowledge area? m. Documenting Project Closure n. Plam Communications o. Distribute Information p. Managing Stakeholder Expectations Answers 1. c. Manage Stakeholder Expectations is part of executing process group. 2. d. There will be (9*8)/2 channel of communication. 3. b. Communication via email is not considered a formal communication. 4. a. Document Project Closure is not a process in Project communication knowledge area. ODEL Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Questions on Project Management Fundamentals" essay for you Create order