Advantages And Disadvantages Of Alternative Fuels Environmental Sciences Essay

Advantages And Disadvantages Of sub Fuels Environmental Sciences EssayThe worlds energy consumption has been increasing increasingly since the industrial revolution (SEP, 2009). Global population is continuing to dramatically devise and the increase in economic development, oddly in China and India, over recent decades has contri buted to increases in energy consumption (Hillstrom Hillstrom, 2003). Currently, nearly 45 pct of Australias tot up energy consumption is accounted for by coal, with oil providing approximately 35 percent, natural gas supplying around 15 percent and jet-propelled plane power providing just over 5 percent (Hillstrom Hillstrom, 2003). Alternative provokes argon stated to be a potentially viable ersatz to the expenditure of dodo fires. Fossil fuels contribute to al approximately eighty percent of the total energy utilize in the world (Evans, 2007 International Energy style (IEA) Bioenergy, 2005). Fossil fuels are non-renewable re bugs that are limited in their supply and the burn of dodo fuels on a spherical scale move induce air befoulment, such as newton oxides (NOx), release signifi discountt amounts of babys room gases, such as carbon dioxide (CO2), and contribute to global warming (Evans, 2007 Shahid Jamal, 2008 Hill, et al., 2006 SEP, 2009). Alternative fuels are considered to suffer a slight adverse effect on the environment, and are stated to be a solution to the problems created by fogy fuels (SEP, 2009). Alternative fuels, such as fermentation alcohol, m grain alcohol, and biodiesel may prospectively provide an alternate(a) for global fuel requirements. The main difference between fossil derived fuels and utility(a) fuels is the oxygen content, with alternative fuels having 10-45 wt% oxygen compared to fossil fuels which contain almost none (Gupta Demirbas, 2010). thither are however, a number of drawbacks related to alternative fuels which may mortify them from completely replacing fossil fu els without technological or ge enlightenic advancements (U.S. Congress, plaza of Technology Assessment, 1990).OutlineThis paper aims to examine the advantages and disadvantages of alternative fuels. The discussion pull up stakes commence by defining a number of relevant terms. The psychoanalysis will then consider ethanol and methanol as alternative fuels, including their output. Subsequently, biodiesels and their outturn will be examined. Fol modesting this, the advantages and disadvantages of alternative fuels will be considered. The employment and manufacturing of alternative fuels in Australia will then be assessed. Lastly, the main arguments of this account will be summarised.DefinitionsAlternative fuels are a sustainable general anatomy of energy, are fuels that nurse non derived from petroleum and can acknowledge alcohols, biofuels, hydrogen, natural gas and propane (Saddleback Educational Publishing, 2009). They are commonly solid, liquid or gas biofuels acquired from biomass, vegetable oil, or generated from agricultural food crops (Demirbas, 2008 Hill, et al., 2006). A viable alternative fuel must be economical, supply a sugar energy gain, be beneficial to the environment, and be able to be produced in considerable volumes with limited detrimental impacts (Hill, et al., 2006). The alternative fuels that are rate of flowly common by dint ofout the world are ethanol and biodiesel (Vadas, Barnett Undersander, 2008 Groom, Gray Townsend, 2008 Gupta Demirbas, 2010). Ethanol in any case referred to as ethyl alcohol, and methanol, methyl alcohol, are colourless liquid alcohols, less dense than piss, with the chemical formulas C2H5OH and CH3OH respectivley (Baird Cann, 2008). Biodiesel is a carbon-neutral fuel that is a mixture of greasy acid methyl esters (Baird Cann, 2008 Kemp, 2006).Alcohols Ethanol and MethanolEthanol is one of the most widely utilized liquid biofuels that can be combined with petrol to create an ethanol blend fuel , or it can be enjoymentd in pure form (Gupta Demirbas, 2010 Baird Cann, 2008). It may be derived by zymolysis carbohydrates obtained from natural sugars, starches or cellulosic biomass in plants including sugar cane, feed or pale yellow (Gupta Demirbas, 2010 Larkin, Ramage Scurlock, 2004). Generally, this work The USA and Brazil are presently the two major(ip) producers of bioethanol (Ragauskas, et al., 2006). In the US, corn is the major primary base for ethanol production while in Brazil, sugar cane is dominant (Brown, 2003). Groom, Gray and Townsend (2008) showed that current fuel yield for corn ethanol was between 1135 1900 L/hectare and that the demand area of prop to fulfil pull down 50% of US expatriation fuel needs was over 157% of US crop go through.MethanolBiodieselBiodiesel is obtained from the oil in a variety of seed plants, a large majority be developed from soy (Larkin, Ramage Scurlock, 2004 Demirbas, 2008). Biodiesel is currently manufactured aroun d the world in countries such as the USA, Germany and Malaysia (Larkin, Ramage Scurlock, 2004 Groom, Gray Townsend, 2008). Globally, approximately 1.5 million tonnes of biodiesel per year is produced (Larkin, Ramage Scurlock, 2004). In Table 4, it can be seen that current fuel yield for soybean biodiesel was between 225-350 L/hectare and that the necessary area of land to meet even 50% of US transport fuel needs was over clxxx% of US cropland.Advantages and Disadvantages of Alternative FuelsAlternative fuels such as methanol, ethanol and biodiesel drive legion(predicate) advantages and disadvantages regarding environmental and societal impacts. The replacement of fossil fuels with alternative fuels could turn up in a decrease of CO2 emissions, decrease air pollution and reduce acid rain (Evans, 2007). Additional benefits include sustainability, fuel security, regional development and a decrease in rural poverty (Gupta Demirbas, 2010). The land area required to generate suffi cient alternative fuel to meet demands however, may compete directly with agriculture requirements, water use, may establish pollution from the use of herbicides and pesticides, and could result in the destruction of natural habitats and a decrease in biodiversity (Evans, 2007 Giampietro Ulgiati, 2005). In developing countries, the expansion of the alternative fuel industry could increase deforestation, decreasing the removal of CO2 from the standard atmosphere through photosynthesis (Groom, Gray Townsend, 2008).Methanol and EthanolAdvantages there are several advantages business organisationing the use of methanol and ethanol as alternative fuels. Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is removed by the crop apply for ethanol generation, resulting in the process being carbon neutral (Larkin, Ramage Scurlock, 2004). Using ethanol over fossil derived fuels can result in a reduction of CO2 up to 75 percent (Howard Olszack, 2004). Higher densities of ethanol fuel and air can be combu sted in an engine compared to petroleum collect to ethanols constricted stewing point range and higher(prenominal) latent heat of vaporization (Brown, 2003 Demirbas, 2008). Additionally, higher energy density can be achieved in the engine due to a lower stoichiometric air to fuel ratio (Brown, 2003 Demirbas, 2008).This may produce enhanced engine efficiency and elevated power outputs in ethanol fuelled vehicles when contrasted to petroleum fuelled vehicles. The use of ethanol as an alternative fuel can result in lower pollution emissions compared to fossil fuels, particularly regarding particulates, alkenes, aromatics and carbon monoxide (Baird Cann, 2008).Table 2 Alternative fuel properties compared to fossil derived fuels(Adapted from Borman Ragland, 1998, pp. 37).DisadvantagesThere are numerous economic drawbacks to the use of ethanol as a substitute for petroleum-based fuels. Ethanol is still far from being economically belligerent when compared to fuels derived from fossil fuels (Larkin, Ramage Scurlock, 2004 Howard Olszack, 2004). Expensive direct follows required for the production of ethanol can include fertilisers, pesticides, irrigation, fuels and electricity as surface as machine or equipment maintenance (Vadas, Barnett Undersander, 2008). Fixed costs tend to include land charges, wages for labourers, insurance and depreciation of assets such as equipment and buildings (Vadas, Barnett Undersander, 2008). The economics of ethanol production are very uncertain its viability depends on the expense of unadulterated oil and the world prices of the raw material, for example, sugar (Larkin, Ramage Scurlock, 2004). The production and use of ethanol is not economically competitive at present, suggesting that it is not a viable alternative.There are disadvantages linked to the use of methanol and ethanol as alternative fuels. Ethanol has a lower amount of energy generated per litre combusted than gasoline (Baird Cann, 2008). The use of pure et hanol and methanol is limited in colder climates by their low vapour pressures (Baird Cann, 2008). A disadvantage in use methanol is that it is more toxic than gasoline (U.S. Congress, Office of Technology Assessment, 1990). Erosion, northward leaching and denitrification are also other significant problems related to corn produced alcohols (Vadas, Barnett Undersander, 2008). Environmental degradation is an issue related to ethanol production from crops, which leads to the concern of whether biofuel generation is indeed sustainable for certain crops (Vadas, Barnett Undersander, 2008). Ethanol yield from heterogeneous crops can vary significantly, and are usually inefficient (Larkin, Ramage Scurlock, 2004 Ragauskas, et al., 2006). The production and use of ethanol does not always provide a sufficient net energy gain and there are adverse environmental effects, indicating that it is not a viable alternative.BiodieselAdvantagesThere are a number of compulsive factors when consi dering biodiesel over petroleum-based diesel. Biodiesel production is deemed renewable (Shahid Jamal, 2008). The fuel itself is generally non toxic and biodegradable (Demirbas, 2008 Shahid Jamal, 2008). The fuel properties of biodiesel are similar to petroleum-based diesel, revealed in Table 2, allowing it to be used in unmodified indirect injection diesel engines with only pocket-size drawbacks (Brown, 2003 Shahid Jamal, 2008). Biodiesel has a higher flash point, also seen in Table 2, convey that it is safer to transport and store than diesel (Brown, 2003 Demirbas, 2008).The exhaust emissions from the fuel contain good less nitrogen and sulphur oxides (Shahid Jamal, 2008). These factors support the idea that biodiesel is an alternative form of fuel however this does not make it a viable alternative to petroleum-based diesel.DisadvantagesThere are many limitations related to the use of biodiesel as a substitute for petroleum-based fuels. Biodiesel can achieve an energy ratio as low as three to one (Larkin, Ramage Scurlock, 2004). The production of biodiesel from crops, such as soybean, can result in adverse environmental effects. These can include nitrogen and phosphorus leaching that can lead to the loss of biodiversity and the release of nitric oxide, a greenhouse gas (Hill, et al., 2006). In some countries, such as Indonesia, Malaysia and Thailand, vast expanses of forests are being cleared to produce oil-palm plantations for biodiesel (Groom, Gray Townsend, 2008). Biodiesel, compared to fossil fuel derived diesel, tends to produce lower power and torque as well as higher fuel consumption (Demirbas, 2008). Biodiesels are not cost competitive when compared to petroleum-based fuels (Hill, et al., 2006). The cost of biofuel tends to vary on a number of factors including the price of crude petroleum, the variability in the crop and the cost of the feedstock used (Demirbas, 2008). The production and use of biodiesel is associated with some adverse envi ronmental effects and it is not economically competitive at present, indicating that it is not a viable alternative.Alternatives Fuels Use and Manufacturing in Australia-sugar cane (ethanol)ConclusionAlternative fuels such as methanol, ethanol and biodiesel have both advantages and disadvantages regarding impacts on the environment and society. At present, commercial biofuel production is a controversial issue that is still relatively new. It is conceivable that biofuels will sprain a selective alternative to fossil fuels as a source for transportation fuels but not a complete substitute. As oil prices become increasingly more expensive, biofuels do become more economically viable. Biofuels are effective on a small scale basis, but not on a large scale. There are numerous problems currently associated with the manufacturing of biofuels such as the vast amount of land, labour and water required. The development of better second and third generation biofuels would be more effective as they potentially use less land and have a greater chance of being a viable alternative for fossil fuels. Great improvements in current technology, genetic advancements for biomass crops and reduced environmental and societal effects could see biofuels become a selective substitute but not a replacement for global energy demands.

Problem Question on Negligence and Duty of Care

Problem Question on Negligence and Duty of CargonThis question is on thoughtlessness and it involves the followers avocation of care delictual indebtedness in narrow downual relationship vocation owed by sellers and imbedationers of a domicile to purchaser and defective design where in that location is no danger to wellness and rubber.Prima facie indebtedness of care in the rectitude of tort arises if there is sufficient proximity between the asseverate faulty doer and the wronged take offy, such that the wrong doer business leader moderately expect that carelessness may cause damage to the wronged party. civil wrong rectitude is part of civil justness and deals with disputes between private parties unlike seat integrity or contract law which form part of the abominable law. Tort law is to provide restitution from someone who owes a barter of care to a nonher person and toilette be legally held likely for that injury.Negligence is the most important tort in modern law and it is essentially concerned with compensating people who have suffered damage as a top of the carelessness of others.1 Negligence concerns dampen of a legal duty, with the resolve that damage is caused to the claimant. Generally sloppiness protects against three different types of harm person-to-person injury damage to property and economic loss.2Tort law in like manner known as the civil law of obligations establishes the circumstances in which a person whose liaisons have been harmed by a nonher can be salaried through the civil court of justices.3 A tort is simply a wrong and tort law is the law of wrong doing or perhaps of wrongs.4 Sir Percy Winfield, power saw negligence as a unifying thread for tort law, and he defined tort law as, the breach of an obligation imposed by the law.5 This definition aligns both tort and crime. Sir John Salmond defines tort as a, body of rules establishing specific injuries, uncoordinated by general principles.6 A more re cent definition offered by Peter Birks, suggests that a tort is, the breach of a legal duty which affects the interests of an individual to a degree which the law regards as sufficient to allow that individual to complain on his or her own account rather than as a representative of baseball club as a whole.7Tort law is a accrual of causes of action each made up of three main components namely, an interest protected by law, some conduct which the law sanctions and a restitution or sanction by which the interest is protected by the law.8In the famous case of Donoghue v Stevenson, Lord Atkin made a regnant which became the corner stone of modern tort law the financial obligation for negligence, whether you port it such or treat it as in other systems as a species of culpa, is no doubt base upon a general human race sentiment of moral wrongdoing for which the offender must pay. But acts or omissions which both moral code would censure cannot in a applicatory world be treated so as to give a right to every person shockd by them to demand relief. In this way, rules of law arise which limit the range of complainants and the extent of their remedy. The rule is that you are to love your neighbour becomes in law you must not injure your neighbour, and the lawyers question who is my neighbour? receives a restricted reply. You must take reasonable care to avoid acts or omissions which you can sensibly foresee would be likely to injure your neighbour. Who thusly in law is my neighbour? The answer seems to be persons who are so closely and instantaneously affected by my act that I ought reasonably to have them in contemplation as being so affected when I am directing my mind to the acts or omissions in question. 9Lord Atkins neighbours test still remains the terra firma on which civil liability for negligence is measured. This test has undergone some changes but when unkept down is found to consist of three elements duty, breach and damage.10The question of liability for negligently constructed makes has always caused line of drills. At one time the law was that the tort of negligence did not apply to a builder of defective premises, however, it is effloresce from case law, that the tort of negligence applies to a builder of defective expression, at least where a defect causes somatogenetic injury. See tater v Brentwood District Council (1991) 1 AC 398.The expression builder is used in the sense of all persons involved in the construction and sale of buildings. This includes developers, builders, fill out(a) contractors, architects, surveyors, civil engineers and local authorities.11Parliament created a limited form of surety from builders with the Defective Premises Act 1972. contribution 1 (1) of the Act relates barely to home houses and does not apply to commercial or industrial properties. The Section imposes on builders, sub-contractors, architects and other professional persons a three part duty that the work will be done in a competent manner, proper materials will be used, and the house will be consort for human habitation.12 Most importantly, the doctrine of privity of contract does not apply and liability is strict in that fault does not have to be turn out against the builder and the duty can not be excluded.13The main problem with Section 1 (1) of the Act is whether it includes it includes quality defects or is limited to ensuring that the dwelling is fit for human habitation. See Andrews v Schooling (1991) 3 totally ER 723 and Bayoumi v Protim Services restrain (1996) EGCS 187.In the 1970s courts embarked on a massive extension of the builders liability in negligence. The courts created a duty of care imposed on builders and owed to foreseeable victims of their negligence.14 As the loss to an possessor occupier was economic loss, the courts sidestepped the problems this presented by framing the duty in call of not constructing a building which was a danger to the health and safety of the occupier.15 However from 1983, the courts started to back slide on the development they had created. The reason for this new-fashioned development was that the courts frowned at allowing claims for economic loss in negligence action. The courts might also have been influenced by the rising premiums which had to be paid by any(prenominal)one involved in the construction of buildings. This rise was as a take of successful actions brought under the negligence principle.16In the economical case of McLeod v Scottish Special Housing Association (1990) SLT 749, the proprietor of a house brought an action for damages against the former owner in respect of worsening occurring to the brand clad exterior of the house several years by and by he had purchased the house. The claimant alleged that the deterioration was brought about as a result of design defect on improvement works carried out on the house on behalf of the former owners, before they sold the house. The case of the claimant was based on negligence in respect of the alleged defective design of the improvement works. The claimant further alleged that in the circumstances, it was proper to regard the steel whittle and the insularism as separate properties. The defendants argued that the claimants claim was only for economic loss as they did not contend that these conducts had given rise to any health or safety issues to the occupant of the house or any danger to the property other than the house itself. The defendant also argued that there was no contractual term requiring that the property should meet a genuine minimum standard of fitness.The Court held inter alia that the builder was liable not only for personal injuries caused by his negligence in the process of building but also for damages actually caused by such negligence to property other than negligently manufactured building, such liability not restricted to circumstances giving rise to a danger to health and safety. The Court furthe r held that there might be circumstances in which for the purpose of the application of the relevant principle of liability, one part of a complex structure might qualify to be treated as other property in relation to another(prenominal) element. However, the Court found in favour of the defendant because the claimant averments of fault and loss were lacking in specification.In D and F Estates Limited v Church Commissioners for England (1988) 2 ALL ER 992, a company of builders under took construction work on a block of flats and then(prenominal) sub contracted the daubing work. Unfortunately, the sub contractor handled the stick oning work negligently. Fifteen years later, the plaster became loose and needed replacement. The plaintiffs who were occupying a flat in the block of flats then sued the builders seeking the apostrophize of remedial work that has already been done and the be of future remedial work. The House of Lords held inter alia that in the absence of a contractu al relationship between the parties, the cost of repairing a defect in the structure, which was discovered before the defect had caused personal injury or physical damage to other property, was not recoverable in negligence action. The cost of doing the repairs was economic loss which was not recoverable in a negligence action. The Court further held that if the plaintiff had suffered only economic damage then such a claim lay only in contract. violate is only recoverable in tort where a defective yield causes damage or injury other than to the defective merchandise. This decision was greeted with practically controversy and it led to the introduction of the idea of complex structure. If a building is regarded as a complex structure then, damage to one part of the structure caused by a hidden defect in another part, could be treated as damage to the other property.17 See Murphy v Brentwood District Council (1990) 2 All ER 908 and Nitrigin Eireann Teoranta v Inco Alloys Ltd (1992 ) 1 ALL ER 854.In Baxall Securities Limited v Sheard Walshaw Partnership (2002) EWCA Civ 09, the court held that defective gutter was a patent defect and that if the defendant had carried out any reasonable command they would have been able to reveal the problem. This non inspection by Baxall negated the duty of care or at least stone-broke the chain of causation and the architect was found not to be liable. in that location are all interesting and land mark cases. In McLeods case the court found that the builder of a house had a duty of care and therefore was liable for any damage caused by his negligence other than negligently manufactured building. The Court also established that once liability for negligence existed, the liability was not excluded because the person or whose property has been injured purchased the defective article under a contract. In the law of tort, damages are only awarded where a defective product caused damage or injury other than to the defective produ ct itself. This was the basis of the Courts decision in D and F Estates Limited v Church Commissioners for England. In that case, the plaster was falling off the wall and the plaintiff had only encountered economic loss. However in McLeod v Scottish Special Housing Association, the claimant was claiming that their building was a complex building and that the breakup was not part of the building and that it should be distinguished from other split of the building. This case is different from other cases in which a structure or part of a structure has been found to be defective without any damage actually occurring to any structure or part of a structure other than the defective part it self.Finally, in my view, I do not see how, the outer skin of a building can be distinguished from other parts of the building such as an withdrawal system. The claimants made the claim against the defendant as designers of the insulation system, which had been inserted in a pre existing building. The claimants alleged that the insulation had damaged other structures and that it was contrasted in the circumstances to treat the house as one unit. The insulation was installed before the claimants bought the house and they purchased the house under a contract as one unit. It will be unreal and artificial to subdivide a house in such a way that the outer skin of the building is distinguished from other parts of the building. Usually people visualize in to a contract to buy or sell a house as a unit the fact that he insulation unit or any other unit was put in place later is irrelevant, once it is in place before the contract of sale. More over houses are built piece meal by piece meal over a period of time.BibliographyCane, P (1996) Tort Law and Economic interests, Second Edition, Oxford University Press, OxfordCane, P (1997) The Anatomy of Tort law, hart Publishing, OxfordCooke, J (2007) Law of Tort, Eighth Edition, Pearson, HarlowDugdale, A.M, Jones, M.A (2007) Clerk and Lin dsell on Torts, Second attachment to the Nineteenth Edition, saintly and Maxwell, LondonElliott, C and Quinn (2007) Tort Law, Sixth Edition, Pearson, HarlowFurmston, M (1986) The Law of Tort, Duckworth, LondonHarlow, C (2005) Understanding Tort Law, Third Edition, Sweet and Maxwell, LondonHepple, Howarth and Matthews (2000) Tort Cases and Materials, Butterworths, LondonHowarth, D (1995) Text Book on Tort, Butterworths, LondonJones, M (2005) Text Book on Tort, Eighth Edition, Oxford University Pres, OxfordKidner, R (2006) Case Book on Torts, Oxford University Press, OxfordMurphy, J (2007) Street on Torts, twelfth Edition, Oxford University Press, Oxford1Footnotes1 Quinn and Elliott 2007) p.162 Quinn and Elliott 2007) p.163 Harlow (2005) p.14 Harlow (2005) p.15 Harlow (2005) p.1-26 Salmond and Heuston (1992) p.14 citied in Harlow (2005) p.67 Birks (1995) citied in Murphy (2007) p.18 Cane (1997) p.19 (1932) All ER Rep110 Harlow (2005) p.4811 Cooke (2007) p.24112 See section 1 (1) Def ective Premises Act 197213 Cooke (2007) p.24214 Cooke (2007) p.24315 Cooke (2007) p.24316 Cooke (2007) p.24317 Cooke (2007) p.244

Abnormal Uterine Bleeding (UAB) In Gynaecological Practice

Ab expression Uterine eject (UAB) In gynecologic PracticeINTRODUCTION guerrilla uterine hemorrhage (AUB) is a customaryality complaint in gynaecological practice, represents a major pro member of fall out patients attendence. bingle, in 20 women in UK consulted their GP for menorrhagia. 1A menstural cycle of fewer than 21 days or more than 35 days or a menstural pass of less than two days or, more than septet days is considered defective. 2AUB can be categorized as excessive menstural hemorrhage, irregular, discharge intermenstural including, postcoital haemorrhage. 3Different terms, used to describe AUB be oligomenorrhea (bleeding occurs at intervals of 35 days unremarkably coiffed by, elongated follicular degree). Polymenorrhagia, (bleeding occurs at intervals of 21 days whitethorn be caused by a luteal phase defect). menorrhagia, (bleeding occurs at natural intervals (21 to 35 days) exclusively with good flow (80 ml) or duration (7 days). Menometrorrhagia , (bleeding occurs at regular, non cyclic intervals with loaded down(p) flow (80 ml). (2)affected uterine bleeding, includes both name bleeding from structural causes. dysfunctional bleeding can be anovulatory, which is characterized by overweight provided regular periods. (I-e, menorrhagia). Structural causes include fibroids, polypuss, endometrial carcinoma pregnancy complications. Abnormal bleeding can also topics from contraceptive methods. (4)In peri postmenopause women, it is essential to neglect endometrial carcinoma. In younger women, endometrial hyperplasia anatomical anomalies such(prenominal) as uterine fibroids, comprise the main pathology. (5)Perimenopause is the period, 2 8 years precede menopause 1 year later on on the final menses. (WHO). However, a best practical definition is, the phase preceding the onset of menopause, generally occurring well-nigh 40-50 years of age, during which the regular cycle of a women transition to a radiation diagram of irregular cycles. (6)A variety of methods, realize been used to go over patients with AUB, such as, endometrial cytology, transvaginal ultrasound, hysteroscopy, D C and endometrial biopsy . (7)The recommendation regarding, investigation of AUB is that women, everywhere the age of 45, should be investigated with endometrial biopsy. Frequently, this is per drawed as an inpatient agency with the biopsy universe obtained by uterine curettement (D C). (5)This is the intimately common procedure used, to adjudicate the endometrial pit of a patient with AUB. (8)However, the value of endometrial curettage is great, in the establishment of histopathologic diagnosis. (6)The operation involves a G. A lots a two day stay. Originally, the procedure was thought to have a remedial effect or AUB, But studies have failed to support this. This procedure is per pretended for symptomatic purposes, to exclude endometrial malevolence. (9)REWIEW OF LITERATURE insane uterine BLEEDINGAbnorm al uterine bleeding (AUB) is a symptom it is non a disease, solely is a common debilitating condition.Dysfunction uterine bleeding (D. U. B) is the diagnosis, given over to women with AUB in whom no clear etiology can be identified. 10, 11. An onrush accurate diagnosis depend on recognizing the following typesMenorrhegia is cyclic bleeding at normal intervals, which is excessive is larger than 7 days o and tally more than 80 ml frrom normal secretory endometrium after normal ovulation is caused by conditions affecting the womb. (10, 11)Polymenorrhea is cyclical bleeding which is normal in amount but which occurs at too frequent intervals of Polymenorrhegia is cyclical bleeding which is both excessive too frequent. Eg 9/20-12/20. It implies a disturbance in the hypothalamic pituitary ovarian uterine axis. (10)Metrorrhegia It is bleeding of any amount whch is cyclical which occur irregularly or continuously in amongst normal cycles. It is caused by benign or malignant grow th with ulcration. (10)Dysfunctional Uterine Bleeding continuously occurs at the extreme of reproductive (adolesence perimenopausally). The abnormalities of ovarian action may be classified as follows.Upto 90% of cases of call result form menstrual cycles in which ovulation does not occur (anovulation) (Dodds). The quietus of cases arise from problems associated with ovulation such as dysfunction of the principal sum luteum or drawn-out progesterone secretion. (12)AnovulatoryOccasionally anovulatory cycles occur in all women. Upto 90% of cases of D. U. B result from menstural cycles in which ovulation does not occur(anovulation. The remainder of cases arise from problems associated with ovulation such as dysfunction of the corpus luteum or peolonged progesterone secretion. Chronic anovulation in associated with an irregular unpredictable pattern of bleeding ranging from short cycles with scanty bleeding to prolonged period of irregular heavy waiver. In anovulatory cycles, the endometrium is unable to produce factors whose sysnthesis is ensureled by progesterone, eg. PGF2a (Smith et al, 1982). This may account for the painless bleeding.Anovulatory bleeding may be associated with cystic glandular hyperplasia of the endometrium. This occurs in several(prenominal) older women also in peripubertal girl, where unopposed oestrogen secretion occurs. endometrial hyperplasia may cause excessive bleeding, anaemia, sterileness even endometrial carcinoma. (13)Ovulatory (idiopathic bleeding)It appears that there are a number of endometrial products, which alters the degree of vadoconstriction thus may effect the volume of menstrual transmission line harm. In the mid 1970s, a relationship b/w prostaglandins (PG) achievement menorrhegia was suggested by work showing that total endometrial PG content was proportional to menstrual loss. It appears that a shift in endometrial conversion form the vasoconstrictor PGF20( to the vasodilator PGI2 occurs.Another important factor is endothelin, which is very blind drunk vasoconstricter, produced wi swerve the endometrial vessels. Marshs group showed reduced endothelin immunostaining in the endometrium of women with monorrhegia , implicating this peptide in the pathophysiology of increase menstural store loss. (Marsh 996) (13)Etiology of Abnormal Uterine BleedingBefore MenarcheMalignancy, psychic trauma sexual abuse or assault are potential causes of abnormal uterine bleeding before menarche.Child bearing years motherhood is the first consideration in women of childbearing age who present with AUB. latent causes of pregnancy related bleeding includes miscarriage, ectopic pregnancy , placenta previa, abrutio placentae trophoblastic disease.Next, induced causes of AUB should be explored. Bleeding may be induced by medication, including anticogulants, discriminating serotonin reup head inhibitors, antipsychotics, cortiosteriods, hormonal medication, tamoxifen (Nolvadex). Herbal substa nce including ginseng, ginko, soja supplement, may cause menstrual irregularities by altering estrogen trains or clotting parameters. (14), (15)Systemic DisordersIncludes thyroid, hematologic, hepatic, adrenal, pituitary, hypothalamic conditions menstural. Irregularities are associated with both hypothroidism (23. 4% of cases) thyrotoxicosis (21. 5% of cases).Coagulation DisordersInherited coagulopathy may be the underlying cause of AUB in 18% of white women 7% of black women with menorrhagia.Others causes include polycystic ovary syndrome or diabetes mallitis present with obesity, acne, hirsutism acanthosis nigricans. venereal tract pathology may be associated with intermenstural, postcoital and heavy menstural bleeding, Any history of abnormal Papanicolaou (Pap) smear, sexually transmitted disease, gynaecologic surgery, trauma or sexual abuse should be elicited. Uterine fibroids, endometrial polyps, adenomyosis, endometrial hyperplasia and atypia and endometrial cancer sho uld be excluded. 14, 15Differential DiagnosisPregnancy complicationsThreatened voluntary abortionIncomplete abortionEctopic pregnancyNonuterine bleedingCervical ectropion/eating awayCervical neoplasia/polypCervical or vaginal traumaCondylomataatrophic vaginitisForeign bodiesPelvic inflammatory disease (PID)EndometritisTuberculosis topical anesthetic factorsEndometrial polypsEndometrial neoplasiaAdenomyosis/endometriosisUterine myomata (fibroids)Intrauterine whatchamacallum (intrauterine device)Uterine sarcomaCoagulation disordersThrombocytopenia, platelet disordersvon Willebrand diseaseLeukemiaIngestion of acetylsalicylic acid or anticoagulantsIatrogenic CausesAnticoagulantsAntipsychoticsCorticosteroidsHerbal other supplements(ginkgo, soy)Hormone replacement intrauterine devicesOral contraceptive pillsThyroid hormone replacementPATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF ABNORMAL uterine BLEEDINGThe hallmark of normal menstrual bleeding is the final result of fluctuations in the hypothalamic-Pituitary -Adrenal-Ovarian axis tether to predictable denudation and slough of the endometrium. bleeding followed by prompt hemostasis and repair causes stabilization and regrowth of the endometrium. Physiologically, constant flow levels of estrogen prime the endometrium. Normal secretion of progesterone from the corpus luteum stabilizes the endometrium, decreases vascular fragility and supports the endometrial stroma. Patients with menorrhagia typically have an imbalance of prostaglandins levels and change magnitude fibrinolytic activity . Specifically, women with heavy bleeding often have elevated levels of plasminogen activators compared to those with normal menstruation. 16An intact coagulation pathway is important in regulation of menstruation. Mensturation disrupts rent vessels and in the face of normal hemostasis, the injured tear vessels are speedily repaired . Restoration of blood vessels requires successful interaction of platelets and clotting factors. Defficiency of platelet s, abnormal platelet function and an intact coagulation pathway may be associated with key changes in the menstrual ctcle. 16.Anovulatory D. U. B is usually referable to failure of the corpus luteum to sustain the collapseing endometrium. The decline of inhibin levels and rise in FSH levels chew over the loss of follicular activity and competence as the perimenopausal transition occurs, 16.Ovulatory D. U. B occurs when ovulatory cycles coexist with intracavitary lesions including polyps, endometrial cancer or fibroids which cause erractic bleeding, 16.NATURE OF ABNORMAL UTERINE BLEEDINGThe studies have shown mean menstrual blood loss to be 30 ml per cycle in most societies, with loss 60-80 ml per month being associated with an increase tendency towards iron want and anaemia( Hallberg ET AL, 1996 Code et al, 1971). An fastness limit of 60 ml may be more appropriate clinically. 17.The duration of normal menstruation also varies greatly, with an modal(a) of 5 days and the heav iest loss usually on the first 2 days(Matsumoto at al, 1962 Rubin and Crosignani, 1990). Duration of flow is considered abnormal when it lasts 7 days. 17.Abnormal uterine bleeding may involve any disturbance of regularity, frequency, duration or volume of menstrual flow and the causes may be physiological, pathological or pharmacological (Fraser and Sngertekin, 2000), 17.MECHANISM S INVOLVED IN AUBMENORRHAGIAMenorrhagia is caused by certain pelvic diseases. The utensils by which these conditions cause excessive bleeding are poorly understood, but evidence suggest that large , stretch skirted and fragile surface vessels underlies the menorrhagia occurring with myomata and endometrial carcinoma. This disturbed angiogenesis is most seeming a consequence of unco-ordinated throw out of angiogenic factors from the tumor themselves(Jane and Harris, 1998), s/a VEGF, bFGF, TGF-beta( Stewart and Nowak, 1996)17.The mechanism of increased blood loss with copper IUCDs is thought to be due to a combination if increased cytokine- producing endometrial leukocytes ( Sheppard, 1987), increased topical anaesthetic fibrinolytic activity and epithelial surface erosion due to contact with the device(Shaw et al, 1979_. Release of PG and activation of mast cells and macrophages may be the underlying mechanisms. 17.A quantitative reduction in platelets s/a in autoimmune thrombocytopenia or degenerative renal failure can lead to increased menstrual loss.DYSFUCTIONAL UTERINE BLEEIDNGDysfunctional uterine bleeding accounts for 50% of all cases of excessive uterine bleeding, 9Barley, 1972)17Anovulatory Dysfuctional Uterine BleedingThe exact mechanisms behind anovulatory bleeding are unknown(Fraser et al, 1996) but it is known that unopposed estrogen can lead to excessive endometrial proliferation and hyperplasia with increased and dilated draining veins and suppression of spiral arterioles ( Beilby et al , 1971). Large thin walled, tortuous, superficial endometrial vessels can o ften be demonstrated on the surface of hyperplastic endometrium(Hamou, 1985) and increased fragility is a probable contribution to increased blood loss.Unopposed estrogen has a direct effect on the uterine blood supply by reducing vascular tone of voice (Fraser at al, 1987) and possibly an confirmative effect through inhobiting vasopressin releae( Akerlund et al, 1975) leading to vasodilation and increased blood flow. Unopposed estrogen also stimulates stromal VEGF expression which may direct to disturbed angiogenesis ( Zhang at al, 1995 Smith , 1998). 17.Ovulatory Dysfunctional Uterine BleedingThe main defect in ovulatory DUB appears to be in the control of processes involve in the regulation of the volume of blood lost during menstrual crack-up of the endometrium, primarily the processes of vasoconstriction and haemostasis. 17Endometrial glandular and stromal estrogen and progesterone receptor levels may be increased in the late secretory phase in women suffering from DUB (G leeson et al, 1993 )17There may be some role of endothelins, which increase in at the maculation of normal menstruation. ( Cameron et al , 1992)17Reduced levels of endothelins may lead to an increase in the volume of blood lost.An increase in total PG release and disappropriate rise in PGE2 have been demonstrated in ovulatory DUB (Smith et al, 1981 ). It also has been shown that there is an increase in PGE2 and PGI2 receptors predisposing to vasodilation, in women with menorrhagia ( Adelantado et al, 1988 )17Prevention of platelet aggregation by PGI2 release may be an important contributing factor in ovulatory DUB ( Smith et al, 1981 ) as may increased endometrial tPA content, increased local fibrinolytic activity ( Bonner et al, 1983Casslen et al, 1996Gleeson et al, 1993 ) and excessive endometrial heparin like activity ( Paton et al , 1980 )17Endometrial lysosomal enzyme activity in women with ovulatory DUB is increased, and this activity is also spy in women with menorrhagia atomic number 16ary to IUCD use (Wang , 1994 )17 )Matrix surfaceoproteinases may be important in contributing to abnormal endometrial breakdown and abnormalities of menstrual bleeding ( Salamonson et al, 2000 )17, 18 .Granulated stromal lymphocytes, macrophages and othe migratory leukocytes may contribute to mechanisms of excessinve loss. 18In DUB, delayed or incomplete endometrial repair could logic programing menstrual bleeding episodes, but nothing is known about such mechanisms. 18SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF ABNORMAL UTERINE BLEEDINGFrequent complaint include heavy or prolonged menstural flow, social embarrassment, diminished quality of life, sexual via media and alteration in life style. Pain is not a common presenting symptom unless associated with passage of large blood clots. Prolonged menstrual blood loss can be associated with anaemia. Typical complains of anaemia include fatigue, out-of-the-way desire of eating starch or dirt and headaches. Severe anaemia may cause fainting, congestive cardiac failure, exercise induced fatigue, precipitousness of breath. Hemorrhagic shock death are ancient sequelae for DUB. 16EVALUATION OF AUB IN PERIMENOPAUSAL WOMEN1. taleHistory focuses on identifying the type of AUBovulatory, anovulatory or anatomic in order to guide treatment. Ovulatory bleeding is more common, usually cyclic, and can be associated with mid cycle pain, premenstrual symptoms and dysmenorrhea. Anovulatory bleeding occurs more frequently at the axtremes of reproductive age and in obese women. It is usually irregular and often heavy. Any history of easy bruising and tendency to bleed suggests coagulopathy. History of jaundice and hepatitis gives the evidence of coloured sisease. 192. Physical ExaminationPhysical interrogative includes looking for evidence of systemic disease. Pelvic and bimanual examination are done to detect disease in the genital tract. Cervical cytology analytic thinking should be current and normal and cervical and vaginal swa bs should be assesses to linguistic rule out infection. 193. Laboratory testsBeta subunit human chorionic gonadotrophin for pregnancy.Complete blood count with platelet count for coagulopathyLFT, PT for liver disease.TSH for hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism.Free testosterone for ovarian or adrenal tumor. 194. Assessment of the uterine cavityThe main indications for assessment of the uterine cavity is to exclude pathology, most often seen in women over 45 years of age with anovulatory cycles. 19A wide variety of methods are available for endometrial assessment including ultrasoundEndometrial BiopsyHystroscopyDilatation and curettageSonohysterographyHysterosalpingography1. UltrasonographyUltrasonography to look for ovarian or uterine disease. Transvaginal ultrasound is 80% sensitive and 69% special for fibroids and polyps and is superior to transabdominal ultrasound. If possible, transvaginal ultrasound should be performed on days 4-6 of the menstrual cycle. 192. Endometrial Biop syEndometrial biopsy is a simple office procedure that can be done by family physicians, 19despite its convenience , cost effectiveness and safety, it is a blind endometrial sampling procedure. 20It is a useful method to exclude malignancy in perimenopausal women. The annual incidence of endometrial cancer is 19. 5 per 100, 000 women. One in 4 cases of endometrial carcinoma occurs before menopause, so biopsy should be considered for proud risk premenopausal patients, even in the presence of fibroids. Endometrial biopsy produces an commensurate sample more that 85% of the time and detects 87-96% of endometrial carcinoma. 193. HysteroscopyHysteroscopy permits direct visual percept of the cercical canal and uterine cavity, enabling observation of intrauterine abnormalities. Hysteroscopy is considered an accurate florid standard in uterine cavity military rank. Despite the lack of equal information about the diagnostic accuracy, it is used in many studies with and without endometr ial sampling as a reference standard, 21Hysteroscopy was reported to have sensitivity, specificity, oppose predictive value (NPV) and positive predictive value (PPV) of 94. 2, 88. 8, 96. 3 and 83. 1% respectively, in predicting normal or abnormal endometrial histopathology (Garuti et al, 2001). The highest accuracy of hysteroscopy was in diagnose endometrial polyps, where as the worst result was in estimating hyperplasia. In a recent study the sensitivity and PPV of hysteroscopy without endometrial biopsy in diagnosing endometrial carcinoma was only 58. 8 and 20. 8 % respectively (Lo and Yuyen, 2000 ). There, since the incidence of focal lesions in patients with AUB is 46-74% (Nagele et al, 1996Pal et al, 1997 ), it seems that the most cost effective approach is to remain with hysteroscopy complemented by endometrial biopsy, early in the assessment of AUB. 224. Dilatation curettementDilatation is a common surgical procedure done on women to grade and collect the tissue paper f rom inside the uterus. Dilatation is a outturn of the cervical passage. This is done using smoothy conical and tapered, graduated metal rods of various sizes and these appropriately called the dilators, which dilates the tight cervical passage slowly.Curettage is the second part of the procedure and is done to scrape the inside contents of the uterus. For this, a sharp spoon like instrument called curette is used. The procedure is usually performed under general anaesthesia. 23, 24, 25Indications23, 24, 25sDialtation and curettage may be done as a diagnostic or a therapeutic procedure.Diagnostic canvas conditions by collecting tissue samples for biopsy.To diagnose endometrial cancer.To investigate the causes of infertility.To investigate the cause of abnormal bleeding in postmenopausal women taking HRT. remedyTreat intermenstural bleedingTo remove polyps in the endometrial or cozy lining of the uterus.To treat irregular and heavy bleeding.To remove an embedded IUD used for contrac eption.To perform abortion in the early stages of pregnancy.To evacuate spontaneous abortion product. 23, 24, 25Pre operant procedureIt is recommended that the patient take nothing by mouth, for at least 6 hours.Pain killers and antibiotics may be positively charged before the procedure.A sedative may be useful to lighten up the anxirty of srgery.The genital area may be shaved and prepared for the surgery.An clyster may be administered to clear the bowels. 23anesthesiaGeneral Anaesthesia virtually D Cs are done under general anaesthesia. The procedure is normally very short and the general anesthetic can be quickly reversed, with the patient going home soon afterwards.Spinal AnaesthesiaThe advantage of spinal anaesthesia is that the patient is awake but at the same time does not have any sensation infra the waist. It avoids all the complications of general anaesthesia.Local AnaesthesiaOccasionally, D C s are done under local anaesthesia, if the patient is not coiffe for gener al or spinal anaesthesia. 23, 25ProcedureThe vagina and neck are cleaned with an bactericide solution that may be iodine or alcohol based.The cervix is externalized using an instrument that is locatedin the vagina called the speculum. Lights are so adjusted to visualize the cervix so that its amphetamine lip can be grasped with a special curved forceps called the Vulsellum. This helps both in stabilizing and bringing the cervix down towards the vaginal chess opening to ease with rest of the procedure.Dilatation is adjoining done using sequential metal round tapered dilators and the opening to the uterus is gradually widened to about the size of a large pencil. once this dilatation has been completed, the curette is inserted into the uterine cavity and is used to gently scrape the lining of the uterus.When the surgeon feels the gritty layer of cells just above the brawniness of the uterus, then he/she knows that the scrapping has gone deep enough to sample the tissue adequately .This scrapping is done throughout the uterus and the tissue is sent to histopathologist. 23, 24, 25, 26Post operative careThere may be mild abdominal aggravation after a dilatation and curettage, if pain is severe, consult a doctor. medicinal drug should be taken as advised by doctor.Ensure to take antibiotics.Avoid the use of any contraceptive device or sexual intercourse for a week.Use sanitary napkins during this time period.If there are any signs of infection s/a fever , pain or discharge, consult the doctor immediately. 23, 24, 25ContraindicationsIf a patient is too ill to tolerate surgery.If the patient is unable to move her legs apart, s/a with severe arthritis in the hips.If the patient has problem with clotting mechanism of the trunk. 23ComplicationsComplications are usually rareAnaesthetic ComplicationsReactions to anaesthetic medications.Breathing difficulties.Surgical ComplicationsPerforation of the uterus.Laceration of the cervix.Scarring of the endometrium.Infectio n of the uterus or other pelvic electric electric organs.Hemorrhage. 23, 24, 255. SONOHYSTEROGRAPHYSonohysterography is being used more frequently for evaluation of women with many gynaecologic conditions. In 1992, it is reported the use of sonohysterography for detecting endometrial polyp in 14 of 148 infertility patients. In 13 of the women, polyps were asymptomatic. 27This procedure is to be done by use of saline infused through a catheter into the endometrial cavity provides slight distention and separation of cavity walls, allowing the better visualization of uterine cavity. 28Sonohysterography not only aids in diagnosis of intrauterine pathology but also in decision regarding surgical versus medical anxiety of patients and and directs the approach and instrumentation required when surgical treatment is warranted. 28It can be performed in any phase of cycle but the best time is during the first phase of the cycle especially when the indication is sterility or thickened endom etrium at transvaginal sonography. 286. HYSTEROSALPINGOGRAPHYHysterosalpingography requires the use of radiations and iodinated contrast material. It is expensive and provides indirect information about the uterine cavity. One can delineate fibroids and polyps but cannot comment on endometrial thickness. 287. MEGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGINGMagnetic tintinnabulation imaging , an expensive modality provides excellent images of the uterus and myometrial pathology disrupting the endometrium, however, intracavitary lesions are not well demonstrated. 28EMBRYOLOGY OF THE FEMALE GENITAL SYETEMAlthough genetic sex is determined at fertilization, gender is not apparent until approximately the 12th week of embryologic life. By the 6th week embryonic life, both male and womanish embryos start to develop the following structures on either side of the midline. 29, 30Genital ridge (proliferation of coelomic epithelium )Mesonephric (wolffian )duct (lateral to the genital ridge ).Paramesonephric ( mul lerian ) duct which consists ofUpper just part lateral to the wolffian duct.Middle horizontal part crosses in nominal head of the wolffian duct ( both upper and middle move form the fallopian tubes ). spurn vertical part fuses with the similar part of the opposite side to form the uteri-vaginal canal (the upper part forms the body and cervix of the uterus while the lower part forms the upper 4/5 of the vagina ). The lower 1/5 of the vagina develops from the sino-vaginal bulbs in the posterior wall of the uro-genital sinus. 29Origin and derivatives of the Mullerian DuctsMullerian ducts persists, in females to develop into the fallopian tubes, the uterus and part of the vagina. 31. Mullarian duct grows , at first it is solid, but later it becomes canalized.It deviates more and more medially till it meets its fellow of the opposite side. The septum mingled with the two mullerian ducts disappear. The proximal parts of the mullerian ducts form the fallopian tubes, while the distal pa rts meet unneurotic to form the body and cervix of the uterus and the upper 4/5th of the vagina. The stroma and muscles develop from the surrounding mesoderm. The fusion of the two mullerian ducts brings together two peritoneal folds which become the broad ligaments. 29OvaryDevelopment of the ovary passes into three phasesMigration of the seminal fluid cells from the yolk sac to the posterior body wall at level of 10th thoracic level to enter the genital ridgeThe cum cells differentiate into oogonia then primaryoocytes and become arrested until puberty.Descent of the ovary to reach the pelvis along a ligamentous cord called the gubernaculums that is attached inferiorlyot the inguinal region. The gubernaculums becomes incorporated into the uterine wall at the point of entry of the fallopian tube and persists in the adult as the ovarian ligaments and the round ligament. 29External GenitaliaClitoris develops from the genital tuberosity (by slight elongation ).Labia minora develops from the genital folds (by remaining separate )Labia majora develop from the genital swelings (by enlarging greatly ).Vestibule develops from the lower most part of the urogenital sinus. 29. body-build AND HISTOLOGY OF FEMALE GENITAL TRACTUterusThe uterus is a fibromuscular organ and is a hollow and pear shaped highly vascular organ present in the pelvis between the bladder and the rectum. It is about 8 cm long and 5 am broad, within which fetal nurture occurs. Uterus is usually divided into a lower cervix and an upper corpus of uterine body.1. CervixThe cervix is narrow region at the bottom of the uterus that leads to the vagina. It has a convex round surface with a circular or slit like opening (the external os ) into the endocervical canal, ehich is approximately 2 -3 cm in length and opens proximally into the endometrial cavity at the internal os. 30, 32, 33Histologically, the cervical mucous membrane generally contains both tell squamousepithelium (exocervix) and mucus secre ting columnar epithelium (endocervix). The mucus secreting glands are control to the endocervix. The area where the two types of epithelia meet is called the squamocolumnar junction. 30, 34.Cervical mucus secreted by the mucosa layer of the cervical canal serves to protect against bacteria entering the uterus from the vagina . 33. In the cervix, the stroma is firmer, more fibrous and less cellular. 342. Uterine CorpusThe body of the uterus varies in size. At birth , the cervix and corpus are approximately equal in size, in the adult women, the corpus has bountiful to 2-3 times the size of the cervix. The uterine corpus is divided into different regions banding where the endocervicla canal opens into the endometrial cavity.Uterine cornu Funnel shaped area on each side of the upper uterine body receives the insertion of the fallopian tubes.Fundus The portion of uterus above uterine cornu. 30Histologically, the wall of the uterus consists of the following three layersPerimetrium It is serous membrane that covers the outside of the uterus.Myometrium It consists of several layers of smooth muscles and imparts the bulk of the uterine wall. Contractions of these muscles during childbirth help to force the fetus out o

Comparison of HVDC and HVAC transmission systems

Comparison of HVDC and HVAC transmission placementsA substantial breeding of offshore wind farms is taking place in different move of the world, yet the major(ip) issue is the technique used to transfer the aught from the wind farms to the control grid. Two of the major technologies used be High-Voltage DC known as HVDC and High-Voltage AC known as HVAC. The principal(prenominal) concern of electrical power engineers is that the transferring of energy occurs with low losses. Taking that into experimental condition, the advantages and disadvantages of twain technologies arrive been studied and compared in order to choose the well-nigh economic scheme.The HVDC dodge has been put in many power transmission projects, stock-still though some disadvantages reserve been spotted. The components used in this system are as follows 1 * AC and DC filters* Converter Stations* Smoothing reactor* DC cable and return path* Cooling devicesConverters in this system impart been the el ement of inconvenience for several reasons. Some of these reasons is that converters are relatively gritty in price more than all over they need reactive power and start the potential to produce lots of harmonics. In addition, the HVDC system has a dependent ability when it comes to the handling of overloads. Furthermore, the most important negative aspect in HVDCs is the treatment of faults. noning that the rated power of the recent racing circuit breakers tend non to be so high which in return introduces us to another(prenominal) problem, and this is that the current and voltage in a DC line slew never traverse 0. This however makes it tough to solve the fault, but a solution has been found and it is done by the help of the AC lines circuit breakers 2. On the other hand, HVDC systems are characterized by its admirable advantages. The latter, is considered to be uncomplicated when it comes to construction. This had a cocksure outlet on the system since it allows it to be i nterconnected at different frequencies and causes the short circuits in the DC lines to buy the farm minimized. Moreover, there is no significant environmental effect since there go forth be no interference with the radio electromagnetic waves and the corona effect is supposed to be even less. Finally the DC system supplies an universal and a relatively fast power flow 2. The next work up shows the interconnection of offshore wind turbines with HVDC technology 2On the other hand, the HVAC system has almost the same advantages as the HVDC but its disadvantages are distinct. For instance, the underground HVAC cables have very low characteristic impedance and yet it needs a very high charging current. Moreover these cables are not able to return on any load. This makes the DC cables more popular since the mentioned drawbacks are not part of their characteristics. On the other hand, the earth-return ability is available with HVDC transmission and not with the HVAC system. Major an alysis has been make on both HVDC and HVAC and it was realized that standoffishness plays a major habit in the amplitude of losses. According to Brakelmanns theory, the parcelling of current along the cable and the temperature it possesses play a major role in the calculation of losses. The formulae used during calculation of power losses in the submarine cables are as follows 1 However the formula used to mastermind the losses in the HVDC cables is as follows 1It was realized that the power produced by both technologies is almost the same, yet the HVDC could achieve marginally higher voltages per conductor. Moreover, the distance over which the cables are stretched has an influence on the losses. HVAC system have minimum losses along short distances ranged between 50 to 70 km, while as the distance increases above 70 km it is preferred to use HVDC. The following graph shows the technology to be used as the distance gets long-range 3More factors are taken into consideration, su ch as the cost, consistence, quality and technical capability. Quality wise, HVDC frail technology has been introduced to the market and its advantages for connecting offshore wind farms to the grid have been remarkable. One of the main features that make the latter more worthy than HVAC is the minimized area and mass of the cables. This however permits the HVDC cables to function under maximum electric field stress. Moreover, HVDC cables are preferred to HVAC cables when it comes to installation at a very deep range, since the mass of HVAC cables are double that of the HVDC cables 4. Finally HVDC cables have been tested in systems of 150 KV and 400 MW were the result was positive 3. The following figure shows a pair of submarine and land Light cables used for offshore wind farm connections 3Offshore HVDC Grid make an offshore HVDC grid has been an idea that most of the European countries have been discussing. Not long ago these administrations and organisations have accepted i t, yet taking into consideration the technical challenges within it. As mentioned above, the HVDC system is composed of two converter stations. The converters first used are the LCC (Line Commutated Converters), but a modern system has been introduced to the HVDC system and is called the VSC (Voltage Source Converters). The latter is considered better and more efficient than the LCC since its made up of a smaller amount of components, the circuit is easier to analyze when faults occur, and the has dispirit losses. The following figure shows the difference in both circuits 5The challenge concerning these converters is that when an offshore grid has to be built both converters need to be used, since most of the submarine cables constructed are for LCC yet can function with VSC. The solution is to var. a system composed of both converters and this is considered hard because of two major drawbacks The extremely high cost of the converters and the losses. Moreover one of the tough chal lenges is the consistency of the system, and this leads us to the issue of the circuit breakers that have to be more efficient in order to ensure that the system is protected. Finally, the problem seems to be the funding because the technology is available 5, 6.

The Global Issue Of Terrorism Can Technology Help Criminology Essay

The Global Issue Of Terrorism Can Technology Help Criminology search mankind is facing many a(prenominal) globose issues nowadays, however the issues of terrorist act is already evolved and last one of a serious issue that has been patient by the whole area. The statistical data shows that act of terrorist act slowly acquires up roughly us and occurs more than and more. For example, the infamous accompanying had happened recently is 911 national in US, it has brought bulge out a huge disability, not only affect their economy still similarly affect civilian life on that point. at that placefore, it was besides involved and crashed the global economy thus bring panic to the worldwide.As a result, terrorism instrument extremist stand for theirs own view and unstopped devising incident dudardment. The four characteristics of the terrorism are the threat or character of violence, a smoothal objective the desire to change the condition quo, the intention to dea l out fear by committing spectacular cosmos acts and the intentional targeting the civilians. The problems that terrorism has ca workd in the world today are world chaos, terrified of people, economic notion and near other more.In conclusion, this research paper addresses the issue of terrorism in order to find out if todays engine room can supporter to embarrass terrorism. It looks at the type of terrorism, the ca utilizes of terrorism, courses to proceed terrorism through the use of engineering science.Chapter2Literature Review fit to this web direct http//www.msnbc.msn.com/id/8552323/ , this article talked expeditious the technology for preventing terrorism in the by and bylife such likes smoke- take noteor, human vigilance and bomb-sniffing dogs. They can detect bombs and chemical and biological branchs.This site http//www.meteck.org/ groundssTerrorism.html , it talked to the highest degree the causes of terrorism for example nationalism/separatism, globalisati on, (non) democracy and worship. These causes are considered as the main by this website.In this site http//www.johnstonsarchive. cabbage/terrorism/intlterror.html , the data shows that the terrorism happened from year 1968 to year 2007 economize sneak and f in altogether. That had take out many people fatalities and injuries. harmonise on the book of historical Dictionary of Terrorism, there has many nurture probes into the type of terrorism, classification of terrorist groups, brisk players and changing motivations of terrorists and impact of technology on contemporary terrorism and the future threats of weapons of mass destruction and cyberwar.According to New Straits times According newspaper, on 2009/12/11, Indonesia had invented a new type of defence installations called new anti-terror body. It can stalking out terrorists and routing their cells remain its key tasks, the new action volition put extensiveer emphasis on prevention. This go forth involve rehabilita ting detained terrorists so that they do not return to their old ways after leaving prison, and clamping down on religious radicalismChapter3MethodologyFor this appellation, most of the information we search from internet. From internet, we can make do more things about terrorism. But we to a fault put several(prenominal)(a) our opinion in this assignment. We withal get some information from books and newspapers to more diverse things.Conversely, we decide to do hearing question. Our hearing question, we asked Taylors College student. Via consultation question, we know the opinion of the student and give his knowledge about terrorism for us.Lastly, we also drew mind map for easier to start this assignment because we can know where to start from the mind map.Chapter4Type of Terrorism introduce TerrorismAn act of state terrorism is not difficult to happen upon. In the example of history record, the belief of terrorism has been bought to us by the french judicatures reign o f terror in the first trust. Briefly after the cut monarch in 1793, there is an establishment of revolutionary dictatorship and it opinionated to root out anyone who readiness resisted the revolution. At the time, about tens of thousands of civilians keep been killed as a variety of shames. state of matter terrorism is normally uses violence and afford fear to maintain their power, by the way, their main target is the innocent civilians. nominate terrorism always selected the public to regard as a dialog to spread fear thus committing critical public acts. One of the characteristics competency in a political objective, state terrorism wants to change the status quo desirously. In the addition, state terrorism solely similar a civilian so that they are omnipresent and menaced to the public seriously.BioterrorismBioterrorism have always to use germs and disease as weapons. Bioterrorism are little in appearance and there are no recorded their attacks. However, the inform risk has been paid highly attention by the U.S. government to abnegation bioterrorism in the early part of the 21st century. Bioterrorism lead be adopted to liberate toxic biological to harm the civilians. The viruses, bacterium and toxins have been sort out by the U.S. Center for Disease overtop that could be used in attack.Eco-terrorismEco-terrorism is describes that interests in hanging over of the environmentalism recently. In the main, these environmental extremists (eco-terrorism) made destructionon property to strike the suppuration of economic on industries or they will harm the animal and to terms the natural environment thus good themselves. Some legal sociable unit that permitted by the government, for example fur companies, deforestation and animal research laboratories was also included as eco-terrorism.nuclear TerrorismNuclear terrorism means a type of terrorists that to be adept in utilize nuclear materials by a number of different ways as their tactic. Nucl ear terrorism is normally exploited any kind of radioactive materials just like attacking nuclear facilities, building nuclear weapons or procure nuclear weapons. These days we believe that terrorists might be able to purchase nuclear weapons on the black market easily. Therefore, its possible that the group of terrorists might be even to build a nuclear weapon themselves in the very soon future.Nar-co terrorismNar-co terrorism had been started in the first place since 1983. Nar-co terrorism is a type of terrorists who indicate violence by exploitation medicate traffickers further to affect governments to interfere the drug trade. In the some(prenominal) years, nar-co terrorism even more defined their position toward how they use drug trafficking to fund their manipulation effectively.Cyber-terrorismCyber-terrorism attack civilians by utilize information technology. Theres measure that they technically use information technology, such as telecommunications or computer systems as their tools to make desolation meticulously. More often, cyberwar would disrupt ne 2rk radically by their ways, to make the networks become paralyzed. For example, cyber-terrorism could crash the network security systems or hack into any networks to steal or destroy whatever information that they want. Cyber-terrorism is already become wide discussion because it was the most general threat that near the civilians and public.According to the interview questions that answered by most of the student of the Taylors university college considered roughly that the terrorism is an native activities which was intention to threat or behavior in violence to the public or civilians. They also said that terrorist is someone who is not balance in their psychology and they thought that terrorism will not only damage the economy unless also menace our life. According to the result from interview question, there is about 87% students in Taylors University College were worried about terrorism .The terrorism happened including a share of reasons. One of the causes is human issues. These consist of the belowHuman IssuesEnvironment issue The environment issue shows that the terrorism happened cause of some of the undeveloped or developing coun settles national feel that their live environmental not good as the others developed countries, so they go on the terrorism activities to attack the better environment countries. It has relevant with the psychology issue. psychology issue Those terrorists pass on the terrorism to release their social pressure. well-nigh of them facilitating war and other terrorist atrocities by inhibition the more or slight lifted entirely with a more subtle sense. They fight with social disobedience. In additional, they might support those who use more allowhal violence. to a fault that, some of the terrorists go on the terrorism not for fighting against the legitimate enemies yet only to the old psychological wounds from early childhood harm. They rise to doing hurt to others to make reprisal. Others that, variously unbalanced psychology problem such like, envy also cause the terrorism happened.Education issue Nowadays, facts of life issue has been universally accepted by the whole world that in the main causes the terrorism. In some of the undeveloped countries, many of children been teaching to hold and use the weapon to attack with highly mind and knowledge, e supernumeraryly Islamic countries. When those children grow up, they maybe will be influenced to become terrorists and go on the terrorism. likewise that, some of the high technology countries provide the data of the hazardous weapon manufacture. When these techniques been learning by those scheme people, it will only increase the dangerous of the world.Religion issue It is also one of the causes of terrorism. There have a lot of the religion in this world such like Buddhism, Christianity, Islam and other more. Among these religions, a small part of these religion ideology are extremely and exist dangerously. These extreme religions exists evil thought and disseminate spread dissenting(a) intellections. They teaching their followers and believer a lot of the extreme inclination and instigate them to sacrifice themselves to gain the trust from the God. Besides that, the shock among the religion made the terrorism unstopped happened. ply issue There has been a lot of terrorism happened causes of the racial issue. In most of the countries, there got more than two race people live together, such like United State of America, Malaysia and other more. These made a lot of collide within a clownish of different race or between 2 countries. Race clashing happened including many causes, like censure with each other, religion issue, the different life style and living standard and others. In addition, racial divergence and rejection aggravate the problemAdvantage issue When two country happened benefit dispute or when a country envious another countrys favourable and wealth, then the terrorism maybe happened. Besides that, the variety advantage clashing between two countries made the terrorism keep happened.Refer to the interview questions that answered by some students in Taylors University College who thought that terrorism will happen, the absolute majority cause was come from the religion. The different intention of religions will be clashing thus cause fissure of different religions. Otherwise, they were not agreed that terrorism was the outcome of religious teaching because these purely are their private idea regardless of religious problem and he also thought that for the terrorists root cause roughly is their education and environment problem. Overall, they said that the incident attack which was happened in USA was came from Afghanistan because he believed that the USA government had attacked Afghanistan before with a reason that cannot be accepted by the whole world and make the citizen of Afghanistan became angrier to USA government and he thought that some of the citizen will try to revenge the USA government.Technology in the futureAnti-terrorist hand motortruckU.S unornamented 4667565, Rapid response patrol and antiterrorist vehicle by Reg. A. Anderson. Issued May 26, 1987.The anti-terrorist truck exterior is real not different with normal truck. There is a mechanical robot hide inside the anti-terrorist truck which is controlled by people. When the truck parked quietly at parking zone and terrorist walk knightly the truck unknowingly, the mechanical robot can be out of the truck roof and shot the terrorist with machine gun immediately. This technology can help terrorist shielder to defend terrorist in a good way and the terrorist defender will not be hurt by terrorist because the terrorist defender is not inside the truck. Therefore, anti-terrorist truck also has a protection of terrorist defender.Airplane quiescence gas systemU.S. conspicuous 6499693, Aircraft to re spond to threats, by Ariel S.Rogson. Issued Dec 31, 2002.We know that terrorists are almost breaking down the cockpit door success copiousy and break through into airplane. This is quite dangerous for passengers. This sleeping gas system is installed into the planes ventilation system. When pilot lamp discovers terrorists makesconfusing in the plane, the pilot can release the sleeping gas. after(prenominal) releasing sleeping gas, the terrorists and passengers are knocked unconscious. Then, pilot land the plane and let police emergency the terrorists. According to this case, this sleeping gas is just a hypnagogue and it will not harm people. People will wake up after one or two hour.Explosion Containment NetU.S. patent 6854374, Explosion containment net, by O. Alan Breazeake. Issued Feb 15, 2005.U.S.Terrorists can sacrifice their life to tie bomb on their body and let the boom explode. This may kill many people when the bomb explodes. Explosion containment net look like an umbre lla, but it is actually a strong Kevlar net fired from a special gun to compress and prevent a bombs blast. Terrorist defender can use explosion containment net to suck the terrorist who tie bomb on their body. There is a tank is worn on the back of operator. The explosion containment net also contains a tube forproviding fire suppressant agent. This net is not only can deal with terrorists but also a great way for fishing.Anti-terror Robot-MAChttp//blogpipiatbingi.com/philippines-mac-anti-terror-robot/MAC means Mechanical Anti-terrorist Concept. This is the first Philippines anti-terror robot dubbed as MAC is important and very much equipped in defeat bomb attacks in the metro. MAC is the first Pinoy-made bomb disposal robot. It is actually developed by students and engineering professors. The anti-terror robot is made of aluminums and fiberglass so it has a very strong exterior. It can be used for examining and recovering a suspected explosive away from public. It is a necessary for bomb disposal and disarmament. People can control it with wireless interface.Digital manduction dataFingerprint ScannerThe advanced biometric technology with reproduce electronic run downner provides terrific functions, such as functions in window logon, Screen deliverer Lock, Web Account, File Encryption and PC Lock. The riffleprint scanner also involves personal data security and whole the country does not be invaded. Hence, it can stop terrorists from entering a country hence the terrorists also cannot threaten. For example, in the airport generally installed this technology to prevent the terrorists to enter their country because large numbers of people pass through airport, so there will become the terrorists gathering place. Similarly, the larger number of people on the airport, so the potential high lethality rate of attacks from there. In fact, some of the public schools boards also have decided installing flickprint scanners at all entrances is the best way to p roceed as it can keep students secure in a system that is far behind the times in preventing terrorists attack them, such as it would go a long way to prevents school shooting, bomb threats etc. Conversely, terrorism is playing havoc with cyber coffeehouse business, so the fingerprint scanner must be installed there it was answerable to introduce stringent rules regarding user information for record purpose. Disadvantage of fingerprint scanner is it cannot distinguish between a picture of a finger print and the finger itself and the sometimes the scanner can be fooled by a meld of a persons finger. On the other damage is about civil securities because the criminal who are cutting off a persons finger to get access to a door. These deceptions are done to steal ones identity operator into secures system. As a result, a person who loses fingerprints identity then that person will never be able to use because it cannot be replaced their identity. witticism ScanningRegarding use of humor scanners must be regulated in order to prevent terrorist being used invade or hold back civil liberties. Beside there, the brain scanning is scanning the honesty of an individuals subconscious. According researchers told that the brain scans already used in United States and also used by British police to determine who are lying to invade their country, so research finding that certain regions of the brain become more active when a person lies, they also used it to plan a crime to commit yet. On the other hand, the government also has used this technology to scan human brain who is the terrorist and prevention children being kidnapped. Hence, the brain scans to identify patterns of activity before translating them into meaningful revealing what a person aforethought(ip) to do in the near future. However, using the scanner could look around the brain for the information and read out something that who are not tells true. Conversely, using brain scanning also have some proble m as a forecast the persons intention with 70% accuracy, it have been compromised when it scans person because it appeared to be fatigued.Retinal scanningThe retinal scanning is used to map the inimitable patterns of a persons retina it is located in the following part of the eyes. Beside there, it also hard structure to supply the retina with blood, the retina is unique for each person. Retinal scanners are typically used for authentication and identification point. It always used in the highest take of security, such as militaries, airports, power plants and the other mainly areas. It also has been utilised by several government including FBI and CIA. As a result, every countries government has installed the full body scanners of retinal scanning in major outside(a) airports. It would have detected any solid especially is the explosives strapped to terrorists body, so the full body scanners could be prevented the terrorist who tried to blow up airport Conversely, using retinal scanning also have some disadvantages, that is it can be quite expensive to install because the retinal scanner who are installed will be spent a lot of money. On the other disadvantage is it can be considered an invasion of privacy as a retina may indicate any health problem, for example it can scan all solid that included civil of country. The third and fourdisadvantages is considered intrusive and making inconvenient. However, it also the reason why retina scans technology has mostly been used for high-risk security places where it believed the extra security provided by retina scanner is desirable.Regarding most of the students opinion, they were considered sprucely that the United Nations is responsible to control and prevent terrorism effectively. Therefore, some of the students suggested that the Ministry of matter Defense might manufacture some novel technology weapons to coming back terrorism so that could protect civilians. They also thought that our country need to so me severe laws to prevent invader.Chapter5ConclusionRegarding the matter of increasing terrorists case in the world, we would suggest that governments from all over the world should knock off more in tightening the security of the particular country and also to spend more on tracking the terrorist activities around the world. This can help to keep the terrorist activities to the minimal level. after(prenominal) adopt the introducing of the terrorism, we can know that terrorist is categories into sextuplet types of terrorists. whatever type of the terrorism got different ways to affect the countries. Therefore, we should use the desirable way to counter the right type of terrorism.There have six reasons of the human issue that cause the terrorism happened. These human issues let the world become more and more confusion. Actually these issues can be lick with effectively way by us and also the country, especially by controlling ours mind and actions.Nowadays, there are still many concept of preventing technologies in the world. These technologies still investigate by preventer. These technologies can help to prevent terrorism in the future.Nowadays, finger print scanning, brain scanning and retinal scanning is the best way to prevent terrorists from entering a country. After that, when have terrorism happened in a country, then the country will use digital sharing data sent to other countries in the world.Overall, the best way to guard against terrorism is to have no enemies and the cause of social violence is accumulated social stress.Chapter6RecommendationWe think that some powerful country maybe make a Super missile in the future when they were research for preventing terrorism. The super missile can scan all substance and then launch the missile when somebody act their country.We have fabricated a weapon the name is all-round reconnoitre machine car. It can be tracked the suspicious of the people and arrest them. It function include fluoroscopy anyth ing to ensure if it exist any danger and it also can demolish the bomb to cut down the harmful to people.A government of country should know what make terrorism happen. For example Is it politic problem? Does the government fairly deal with people?Actually, high technology for preventing terrorism is still limited for us. Actually, we cannot totally prevent terrorism but we can decrease terrorism happen. Not only use technology but also need peoples cooperation to decrease it.

Seasons Of A Mans Life Essay -- essays research papers

Daniel J. Levinson wrote The Seasons of A Mans Life.Mr. Levinson conducted his research for the retain in the late 1960s.At that clipping he was a Professor of Psychology in the Depart custodyt of Psychiatry of the Yale University shoal of Medicine, Director of Psychology in the Connecticut Mental Health magnetic core and Director of the Research Unit for Social Psychology and Psychiatry.Early in the book, Mr. Levinson states his reasons for engaging in theresearch of male adult development and for in the end writing thebook. "The choice of topic reflected a personal concern at 46, I wanted to analyse the transition into middle age in order to understand what I had been going through with(predicate) myself. Over the front ten years of my life had changed incrucial ways I had developed in a wiz I could not articulate. The studywould cast light on my own experience and, I hoped, work to an understanding of adult development in general."     The bo ok is fattenly somewhat Levinsons theory of male adult development. Levinson acquired his research by interviewing 40 men between the ages of 35 and 45 from four different occupational groups. by means of his interviews, Levinson believed that all males pass through aseries of represents, all(prenominal) of which presents a different problem to be solved.The first stage is known as the early adult transition (ages 17-22). The problem is to develop a sense of independence by separating from ones family and trying out different lifestyles. This is the stage where hopes and dreams argon formulated.     The next stage is entering the adult world (ages 22-28). The problemat this stage is to explore and obtain the many adult roles that are infallible tobe happy and successful in ones career and relationships. A dance band of priorities begin to form.     The age-thirty transition (ages 28-33) happens next. In this stage theman establishes his role in society, builds a nest, and pursues more long-range plans and goals. His problem may be evaluating primitively career choicesand goals.     Immediately following the age-thirty transition is the settling downstage (ages 33-40). The problem here is to develop a sense of success in themajor areas of ones life, primarily ones career and relationships. ... ...th previous decisions, such as by becoming morecommitted to ones family or career.     I feel that the book was written very well. It went in-depth inmapping out the stages and the events in each one of the stages. I couldrelate to some but most I could not since Levinson limited his research toonly males. I am a female and only 22 so I have provided barely entered into the early adult era. Looking at older males nigh me I can see some of what Levinson has stated to be true, however, I just dont believe that every maleis going to go through the life stages just as he says. I think that for the time when this book was written, Levinson probably did a great job in describing the stages. virtually of the men that he interviewed were born before and duringthe Depression. What was true for the men that were interviewed may notbe true for todays 40-year-olds.     By reading this book I can atbest say that I have a more complete understanding of male adult development.Reference     Levinson, D. J. (1977). The Seasons of a Mans Life. Ballantine Books.

The Importance of Weather in Kate Chopins The Storm :: Chopin Storm Essays

The Importance of run in The Storm The Storm, by Kate Chapin, is a short story approximately two people that have and affair during a storm. Basically, its corresponding this. The story involves two families, that of Bobinot, Calixta, and Bibi, and Alcee, Clarisse, and their babies. Calixta is at her house uninvolved from her family due to the storm. Alcee is separated from his family because they be visiting another town. The storm brings Calixta and Alcee together and they have an affair. It s set in a small town in the upstart 1800s. A storm can mean many things, both well-behaved and bad, and it is important to the story both symbolically and directly. The storm acts as a catalyst in the story as it causes the events to unfold as they do. The prime(prenominal) real direct effect the storm has in the story is that it is what causes Bobinot and Bibi to duty tour at the local store to take shelter. This of course leaves Calixta home alone. Alcee, we are lead to believe , was out riding his horse somewhere near Calixta s house when the storm started. This causes him to take shelter there. Before Calixta got married fivesome years earlier, the two had romantic feelings toward from each one other. They rarely saw each other after that, and this what the first time since then that they had been alone together. Because of the pasty feelings he had, Alcee expressed an intention to remain outside (666). This is where the storm, because it is a alternatively big storm, forces him to go inside. Once inside it seems harmless conversation would be all that took place. But alas, the storm once again comes into play. While Calixta, disquieted about her family, it looking out the window the storm sends down a huge lightning bolt into a tree nearby. This causes her to jump and for Alcee to instinctively twat her in his arms. The storm now comes into play one last time. As Calixta is nervously pacing around the house (because of the storm), Alcee grabs h er shoulders in an attempt to quiesce her down. At this point their old feelings become too overwhelming resulting in an affair. When the storm ends, it symbolizes the end of the affair. We are never told what Chapin meant by the title The Storm.

Healthy Living Essay -- Health essays research papers

wellness is described as physical and mental public assistance and freedom from disease, low-down or defect. However, such descriptions only superficially peg down the actual meaning of health. There may be many make when single(a)s are not necessarily ill or in pain but may be overweight, stressed or emotionally unstable. Health is a quality of life involving dynamic interaction and interdependence among the individuals physical state, their mental and emotional reactions, and the social context in which the individual exists. There are many factors that influence your health, but ternion major components contribute to general well-being Self-awareness, a balanced fodder and, regular physical activity. In order to lead a vigorous lifestyle, it is essential that individuals constantly monitor their health. This involves not only physical, but withal mental and emotional aspects of the bodys functioning, as they relate to the home, school, work, and leisure environments. If necessary changes are made sooner rather than later, then a stable, balanced and healthy lifestyle will be more systematically maintained. In fact, the World Health Organization says being healthy is looking at that there are few physical or emotional impediments to doing things in your life that you would like. For example, there are many people who are suffering from chronic illnesses who are healthy because they are able to maintain their creativeness and vivacity when others cannot. It is evident that self-awareness enc...

A Decentralized Supply Chain Essay -- Business, Optimal Supply Chain

A decentralized fork out ambit Is unrivaled where each supply mountain range entity maker, retailer, intermediary, is free to make its admit operational decisions. However, these decisions need not necessarily all be in the best interest of the entire supply fibril, but rather atomic number 18 usually taken keeping in mind the best interests of estimable the individual entity. a) Recent Literature on supply chain co-ordination with contractsoptimum supply chain performance requires the execution of a precise restrict of actions that are not incessantly in the interest of the individual supply chain members, who are most often interested in lone(prenominal) optimizing their own objectives (Cachon et al. (2003)). Optimal supply chain performance can be achieved if firms coordinate by contracting on a beat of pitch payments that are design to align each firms objective to the supply chain objective. This mechanism is termed decentralized supply chain co-ordination using c ontracts.In the following, we freshen some of the important contracts found in recent supply chain literature, the significant assumptions made while deriving the different contract types, the hard-nosed role and limitations of each type of contract. Through this section, we aim to develop an ingrained vocabulary of the state of the art in supply chain contracts and to use this knowledge to develop optimal, coordinating contractual structures for the problems in this dissertation.( Cachon et al. (2003)).Wholesale value contract With a in large quantities price contract, the supplier charges the retailer a fixed price w per-unit of product purchased. Lariviere and Porteus (2001) analyze a wholesale price contract in the context of the news-vendor model. They consider a manufacturer producing a single good at a mar... ...ize the probability of achieving a certain target. They obtain contracts based on the pareto optimality criterion, which is again different from the Nash rest criterion usually used to derive optimal contract parameters. The authors frame-up a definition of a pareto contract as Within a contractual form, a contract is said to be Pareto if its parameter set is Pareto, that is, there does not exist an alternative parameter set such(prenominal) that no agent is worse off and at least one agent is strictly better off. They also note that Pareto contracts do not engineer a supply chain, because there is one agent that is always strictly better off than other agents and for a contract to co-ordinate a supply chain, we need that the optimal actions of the agents under the contract give-up the ghost to pareto optimality for the supply chain, as a whole, and not any individual agent.

To Kill A Mocking Bird :: To Kill a Mockingbird Essays

Discrimination, this is a word that is heard today and was heard especially in the southern U.S. in the early 1900s. In the novel To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee, the character observation post who is portrayed as a Tomboy and coincidentally the author witnessed numerous times to the outwardly prejudice large number of Maycomb Co., Alabama as a very junior girl. These prejudices that were heard throughout the entire novel are separated into iii categories racism, sexism, and lifestyles discrimination. Racial discrimination was the most turgid, which as Harper Lee pointed out, was non just limited to the Caucasian population of Maycomb. One of these instances was when Lula commented on the Finch children orgasm to a historically all black church. Another less prominent form of this reverse discrimination would be the fact that the African people of Maycomb tended to assume that all white people in Maycomb had a unintelligible hatred for blacks, and so they also treated a ll of them as disadvantage people. But, the black population, by far was discriminated against the most. For instance the many times Scout was told her father defended niggers, and was a nigger lover. One of these times would be when Francis states, "I guess it aint your fault if Uncle Atticus is nigger lover"(83). And although Scout didnt truly know the meanings of these statements seemingly rooted into the core of many Maycomb residents, she did sense that they were not statements of praise and accomplishment.Another type of prejudice in the novel would be the sexism and resulting stereotypical views of how women and men should act, dress, and what they can and cannot do. A good example of this macrocosm the many times a neighbor of the Finches, Mrs. Dubose made statements like, "What are you doing in overalls. If you dont start acting tight-laced you will end up armed service tables"(101). This would consider being the vast majority of this sexism was aimed a t women and girls. They were constantly told what was proper and lady-like and what they should dress like to look like a lady. These so called ideals were not only reinforced and taught by men but also by women. Scout was one of the minorities of people who didnt conform to these ideals and was therefore ridiculed by the narrow-minded people of Maycomb. The third and final form of prejudice is actually a combination of the other two types of prejudice, this prejudice being the discrimination against non-conforming lifestyles.

Is Equality Truly Equal? Essay -- Gender Pay Gap, Glass Ceilings

Women have always been paid less(prenominal) than men for doing the same work of the same quality. We argon at a point in history where all people are considered to be equal, especially in this country. But even in this equal world, women are still paid less. Is this what equal looks like? We cant but brag about being of the forerunners of the modern world, we have to actually form what we preach. The worst part of this inequality is that most people are forgetful to this buckle under gap employees are usually prohibited from sharing the sum up they are being paid. A large number of families that this affects are whiz mother families where there is only one paycheck to provide for the absolute family. In 2010, in nearly two-thirds of families (63.9 percent), a mother was either the breadwinnerWhen womens wages are lowered due to gender discrimination, their families incomes are lots significantly lowered as well (Glynn). This is a problem that is eer being ignored, but no mo re, it must be addressed in order to make equality equal. Because employers assume that women are prone to point more time on their family and less towards furthering their own career, therefore we should lead the opencheck achromasia Act of 2013, since the law would provide the same pay to women as to men equal work for equal pay.The Womens Rights Movement, which began in 1848, sought-after(a) out to achieve full civil rights in this country. From this movement women lastly gained the right to vote. In addition, the American Equal Rights Association was founded, the Working Womens defensive Union in New York was established, the topic Labor Union support equal pay for equal work, and the Association for the Advancement of Women was formed. During World state of war I... ...Unchanged Since 2002. National Partnership for Women & Families. National Partnership for Women & Families. 17 Sept. 2013. Web. 5 Nov. 2013Noguchi, Yuki. 50 Years After The Equal Pay Act, Gender net inc ome breakage Endures. NPR. NPR. 10 June 2013. Web. 5 Nov. 2013.OBrien, Susie. More Pay For Men Women cut down Out On $165 A Week, Thanks To Gender Pay Gap. Herald Sun (Melbourne)(2013) 11. Points of View Reference Center. Web. 4 Nov. 2013.The Paycheck Fairness Act The Next Step in the Fight for Fair Pay. National Organization for Women. National Organization for Women. Web. 11 Dec. 2013.Waldron, Travis. The 10 Jobs With The Biggest Gender Wage Gap. ThinkProgress. Center for American Progress Action Fund. 9 Apr. 2013. Web. 5 Nov. 2013.Will, George F. A New Project For The Gender Police. Newsweek156.14 (2010) 24. Points of View Reference Center. Web. 1 Nov. 2013.