Dracula Essay

As Seward was called into the room, Renfield was found super injured, lying in a pool of blood that glistened under the light. His portray was bashed and bruised, he had suffered severe damage to his head and it was evident that his back was crushed as well. Renfield was kept in a straitjacket and his injuries left everyone question they could have been self-inflicted. As the story progresses, Seward sends the attendant to bring Dr. lowerting edge Helsing, who, later on examination, later performs an emergency operation to the skull that would result Renfield to regain consioucness and recount what had happen.As Renfield weakily began to recount the events that took place earlier that night. His story starts at the night Seward refuses to let him leave the asylum. Renfield admits to being visited by genus Dracula, who had appe ared in a mist outside(a) the asylum. After much attempt to resist the count, Renfield was associated with Dracula for a bound of epoch after he wa s promised several lives. Upon the presence of Mina Harker, Renfield notices that she appears passing pale and seems to have lost alot of blood.This allows him to conclude and warn Seward and Van Helsing that Dracula had been visiting Mina. Prior to the moment Renfield was found on the floor, he explains that he encountered and tried to resist giving into Dracula, only to have been beaten up and thr give birth violently to the ground, crushing his head. The tale told by Renfield serves as smartly seizey that allows the characters of the book to carry out new ideas in baseball club to bring down Dracula. His story seems to be the birth of a new discovery that represents the grande idea of resisting and going against Count Dracula.During his story, he appears to have been enraged once he realized Mina was being violated by Dracula. This could represent how inaccepted actions that deteriorated purity were during the Victorian Era. Overall, his story serves as the final displace t hat sets not only an ultimate goal but a time constraint as well, promptly knowing that Mina Harkers smell was at risk. What can Mina see and hear when Van Helsing tranquillises her? What does this request? Do you think Dracula can detect Minas interferance?Includes the October 11th entry of Dr. Sewards diary the October 15th, October 16th, October 17th, and October 24th entries of Jonathan Harkers daybook telegram from Rufus Smith of Lloyds in London to shaper Godalming, go out October 24th the October 25th, 26th, and 27th entries of Dr. Sewards diary telegram from Rufus Smith to Lord Godalming, dated October 28th the October 28th entry of Dr. Sewards diary. Mina makes the quintet men promise that if she becomes a vampire, they will kill her rather than allow her to be damned.She also asks her husband to read the burial service for her now, in case it should come to the worst. The heroes secure passage on the Orient utter from Paris to Varna, arriving there early to await the Count. Hypnotism of Mina brings the alike(p) news constantly the sound of waves, masts, the movement of a ship at sea. Finally, they receive news that the ship has boarded at Galatz instead of Varna. The group takes the reversal grimly, but they board the next avail open train to Galatz? knowing that they now may have to face Dracula on land.Van Helsing believes that the Counts unholy connection with Mina may have allowed him to discover their plans. He is optimistic, however, that the Count will not expect them to track him into his own country. A change comes over Mina, and Van Helsing believes that Dracula has released some of his stomach over her spirit. The clue is in Draculas past, which Mina and Van Helsing analyze together back when he was a mortal warrior invade Turkey, when the invasion failed he fled home and left his army to be contend to pieces.In the same way, he now thinks only of escape and has cut himself off from Mina? not realizing that because she has t asted his blood, Van Helsing can still hypnotize her and learn of Draculas whereabouts. Analysis Chapter 25 Although the Count is able to elude them at Varna, he makes a decisive error when he cuts himself off from Mina (note, however, that Mina is still not free from the threat of becoming a vampire).He assumes that he is safe in his castle, and he does not understand that Van Helsings hypnotism, combined with Minas connection to the vampire, will give Draculas enemies a critical edge over him. Van Helsing and Mina both use the damage of imprimatur in this chapter, referring again and again to the Counts child brain. He is a criminal type (Mina even refers to two far-famed physiognomists to back up her classification of the Count), and thus he has predictable limitations.He is selfish (he thinks of escape at all costs), and he uses the same scheme whether he is a mortal invading/escaping Turkey or an undead invading/escaping England. Here is another example of the heroes use of science as a weapon against the Count. It must be remembered that many intelligent people took physiognomy very seriously during Stokers time, and that for Stoker physiognomy was a viable tool for understanding and classifying human nature. Its racist/classist biases and unscientific methods are much easier to see in hindsight.

Growth Of Population And Resources Environmental Sciences Essay

Garrett Hardin fore nearly wrote The Tragedy of the Commons , and was published in his diary lore in 1968, and it is unrivaled of the often talked ab appear in the man of like a shot. He menti angiotensin-converting enzyme(a)d the casualty of parks as the developments of worlds on environment by giving specific each(prenominal)egory on 4 herders and their position towards environment ( Hardin, 1968 ) . It gained impulse during agricultural revolution and was restricted to depletion of environment by each oer cut back or by ugly agricultural patterns. Hardin particularly discusses ab erupt the make that society instance as a proceeds of the action towards environment to deduce benefits. The effects verbal expressiond by the throw beingness can be collectible to depletion of Resources and the affect on eco ashes. The calamity of parks has now become a cardinal of understanding for many local and pla authorizeary ecological jobs. tragedy of common is non appli cable in modern-day universe be stick Hardin has given illustration about the grazing trim pop out and it is limited to a certain country and he foc utilise in public on debasement ca utilise by worlds straight w put as in todays universe the affect on environment is ca apply by opposite factors for case the taint caused by mills ( en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollution ) . His conveyment although had brought a batch of uncomplimentary judgment further the result of the concord universe is really much link to what might h senior happened during his clip. The reason can be an illustration of a grazing contribute and the four herders and the cattles responsible for the depletion atomic number 18 the humane universe of discourse utilizing the resources and the plan responsible for rapid diminution in resources. It has as well as actual much attending to reoceanrch wrickers and experts and to work on it ( Crowe, 1977 ) . Those plants intromit the research on behavioura l scientific disciplines, from psychological science to semipolitical scientific discipline and from scotch sciences to biology. The environmental jobs of today atomic number 18 collect to existence detonation, human greed and atomic number 18 now pulling much attending towards economic development ( www.freedom21agenda.org ) . charitable community is turning at an exponential set out and their stuff wants excessively, where as the resources to bring forrad wants that the earthly concern provides is minimum and non business deal to do the turning population ( Malthus, 1798 ) . Resources atomic number 18 non great deal to run into the huge population and as a consequence the come to on environment is terrible. compassionate h superannuated back unlimited wants and the impulse to fit their wants is chief ground for development of native resources. The environmental job related to inaugurate universe is chiefly ascribable to unsustainable custom of resources. m ankinds greed has exceeded the skill and alternatively of utilizing the resources at sustainable mark they hold started to utilize to a greater extent resources to maximise production because race consume more than than as compared to those in olden yearss. Peoples explore and deplete non renewable resources and utilizing resources worry neer used earlier. Renewable resources are depleted faster that they can non be re-create so on that pointfore at that place is more force per unit field of force on resources. The chief job that present coevals faces is promotion of economic development. Harmonizing to study of Brundt destroy Commission of United Nations, the genuine states have already wear upon their ain resources and face the challenges from developing states. The trespass on environment by developed states was monolithic and the result is witnessed today and if the development states follow the footfalls of developed states the effects will be a catastrophe. Th e existent unrecorded state of affairs faced by Caspian ocean on depletion of piscaries provides one of the outperform illustrations of effects of the human impingement. The present beastly species of Caspian Sea has deteriorated to an extent that it faces a menace of quenching in future. The chief ground for the diminution was lack of cooperation among those states who portion and uses the resources and hapless advocate ( Pourkazemi, two hundred6 ) . However the low resources could be understand if the volume come up with some possible settlements to get the exceed(p) of the jobs. Some Potential solution could be modulating the usage of resources, making and portion corrects to resources and Population authorisation and sustainable usage of resources. However, all these solutions will be successful if the G oernment takes enterprises in explicating programs and effectual execution to work out the corporate action job. However those solutions will non be successful be cause spate, societies and states have antithetical sentiment and til now International Organization much(prenominal) as United Nations ( UN ) face tough challenges to convert member Nations to command and anticipate nature from development ( hypertext transfer protocol //www.un.org/en/global issues/environment ) .The calamity of parks is really much related to the actions and effects of our present universe. It is clear that the universe has r for each oneed at the phase where everything has become scarce and expensive. Human existences have to make up ones mind whether the limited stock the populace has at the minute should be used at a sustainable rate or maintain on working the limited resources and face the effects. The calamity of parks as explained by Garrett in 1968 is apprehensible eventide by the populace. It was found in in-between ages where the intimately common mature male was outstanding during those times. This likely must hold happened during Agricultural revolutions because there is adequate grounds to turn out and back up this statement. The Calamity of parks is a really nice illustration, and the writer mentioned about worlds victimisation to subjective universe and different sentiment of single or degree of cooperation at international degree in restricting all overexploitation of natural resources. Garrett has really given the privilege to conceive of about the grazing bring in land opened to 4 herders. While reflecting the article, is an illustration ( foremost sketched brochure by Lloyd, 1833 ) , affecting mediaeval land term of office in Europe, of Herders sharing a common package of land, on which they are each entitled to allow their cattles graze. The four herders are sharing the grazing land land, which can besides back up 24 cattles before it gets depleted. apiece one of them was supposed to hold 3 cattles each. Now its debatable here how four of them would wish to pull off the grazing land land. The troika sur roundal motor graduated table ( Schultz, 2000 ) or face-to-face spring for the environmental concern is effectual here. If one of them decides to pass on one more cow, he will have all the benefits of the cow, but it is obvious he portions only of the cost to the corporate grazing land. He earns a net income. This will actuate the separate herder and they besides start to add more cattles to maximise net incomes. This shows all the cow Herders have egotist concern for the environment and this will by all odds hold a controvert impact on environment. Soon they will transcend 24 cattles and the graze cow will overuse and consume the grazing land. They knew this could go on but out of greed for privation of more net income they over use the grazing land. If anyone of them had the selfless and limits himself, this would hold affected him due to overdrive of the grazing land by others, he would hold runed while others have profited. The other solution could be that if they have divided the land, each one would hold had the privilege to take economic aid of the land allotted or divided to them and this might hold accounted for true cost, or if they have all cooperated and reciprocally decided to pull off the land, this would hold accounted for true cost, together, ( Hardin, Science 162 ) .Worlds have undergone tonss of passages since centuries ago, from mobile life to study agricultural revolution followed by Industrial and Post Industrial Revolutions. Prehistoric Societies have contributed to dramatic switch of human societies. The stylus of life of Human changed as passage took topographic point. Population change magnituded and demand for more nutrient has resulted in transition in Environment ( Adapted from Brant, E. ( 1995 ) . People allow this happened chiefly for troika groundsFigure 1.1 Picture picturing Prehistoric Societies ( Human Transitions )The ever- change magnitude Human Population more or less the universe has become one of the maj or causes of damaging impacts on environment. Harmonizing to Economics, it states that human wants are limitless and the resources to run into satisfaction to human stuff wants are scarce. The Malthusian theory clearly explains that while the adult male could increase his subsistence merely in arithmetical patterned advance, his physique tended to increase in geometrical patterned advance, ( Malthus, The Essay, p.479 ) . The Population is turning at an dismaying rate while the nutrient to feed the turning population is minimum. Most underdeveloped states in Asia are extremely populated and most of the people are below spareness line. The sums of nutrient produced are non plenty to run into the demand of huge population, so they import from other industrialized states that produces nutrient at a larger graduated table. Unless the population is non brought blast, people particularly in developing states will go on to give way and Population populating below pauperization line wi ll increase. Population growing is hence regarded as the principal cause of poorness and destitute states of Asia and Africa suffer for privation of adequate nutrient to last, while developed states would most willingly continue to contrive new and advanced engineering to bring off more nutrient expeditiously and this will impact the Environment. So, both moneyed and hapless states contribute to debasement of Natural resources but in different ways.Fig 1.2 Graph demoing illustration of Growth of Population and Resources.In modern universe the calamity of parks can associate to Environmental issues such as Sustainability. The common jobs of todays societies are the consequence of assortments of resource jobs. The resources include body of water, land, and non-renewable qualification beginnings such as oil and coal. The most recent illustration of depletion of woodwind instrumentwind is in the state of Madagascar. about(predicate) 90 % of the wood is lost in Madagascar, ( CNN in telligence, 25-08-2012 ) . The chief cause of timbre depletion is due to uncluttering of wood for agribusiness, and deforestation by forest fire ( slash and burn ) . The people hunt chiropterans in extended figure and hence cause hapless pollenation modus operandi by natural pollinators. Originally the wood had mettlesomeest concentration of forest species but due to over usage it has resulted in drastic loss in forest species. This happened chiefly due to hapless direction and the greed of people and most of the woods are non protected under jurisprudence. All these effects are as a consequence of greed to bring forth more and devour more. The greed of human existences is beyond bound, because there are competitions from all degrees, globally and at the individual degrees. The impulse to go well-to-do and better than others had led to debasement of natural resources.Figure 1.3 Graph demoing suppositious accounts of population growing taking to resource depletion, this can ens ue in worsening nutrient production, industrial end product, and population.The planetary economic remains uses those limited resources at an dismaying rate for economic development due to stiff competition faced by economic universe. The developed states over use the resources and creates inordinate contamination in the signifier of air, land and urine. The pollution caused by those states knows no boundary and hence this affects the state that preserve and protects the environment. The impact on environment due to overdrive of natural resources can even be seen today. Most of the states in the universe focal point more on economic development and non on conserving and protecting the Environment. Those few states like Bhutan alternatively of concentrating more on developments puts a batch of attempt in protecting the environment, but can windlessness experience the affect of pollution, ( mood alteration and green house consequence ) . Even hapless states charge more on economi c development of their state to cut down poorness. The desire for privation of adequate nutrient or to vie with other states economically has about encouraged industrialised states to bring forth more and this has resulted in debasement of resources. Hence, most of the states act in their ain best ego involvements and ignore whats best for the universe.One of the life illustrations of depletion of resources is the Caspian Sea sturgeon rescue and piscaries. Caspian Sea is one of the largest bing Salt lakes in the universe. It is accumulated by cxxx rivers changing in size and the rivers de fitrs about 79 % of the entire H2O while remainder is in the signifier of Atmospheric precipitation as rain ( 20.2 % ) and land H2O ( 0.8 % .On an Average the Caspian Sea flavour ( incorporating salt ) is personify to 13 ppt. and it was categorized as a brackish H2O organic structure because of presence of unpleasant salt ( Klige and Mayagkov, 1992 ) . The huge Caspian Sea is rich in biodiversit y and is place to around 1354 workss and carnal species and 122 fish species. The big staying sum of universe sturgeon ( sea and fresh H2O fish ) are besides in the Caspian sea and estimated 80 % to 90 % of caviar are produced and sold all around the world..At present a sum of 854 carnal species is recorded of which 53 are chiefly marine fish ( 43.5 % ) , 42 are fresh H2O species ( 34.4 % ) , 18 are anadromous species ( 7.4 % ) , ( kazancheyey, 1981 ) . About 25 different species form a group considered as commercially of import fish consisting of straddling stocks and they are distributed all over the Caspian Sea and their piscary requires co-management between member states for sustainable usage in future. However, harmonizing to the official statistics studies released showed that there was monolithic lessening in sturgeon resources from 28.5 thousand metric tons, 1985 to 1345 dozenss in 2005.The Caspian sea sturgeon resources have faced terrible fluctuation during the last cent ury. Maximum sturgeon device within the basin was 39400 metric tons in the beginning of 20th century, ( Ivanov, et.al,1999 ) . Research conducted by Pourkazemi, 2006 reveals that during 1900 -1915 the mean sturgeon gimmick excepting supplies from Iran was 26.5 1000 metric tons. Sturgeon gimmicks declined drastically to 11000 metric tons during the period between 1920 and 1965, chiefly due to over catching of sturgeon juveniles and immature fish. The ground for rapid diminution was due to smuggled fishing and poaching, and was partially recorded during the two universe wars but it was until the prostration of former Soviet Union that led to worsen in the resources due to miss of proper direction and look. In 1992 Commission of Aquatic Bio resources was set up chiefly to develop a scheme to utilize and portion the resources rationally and to transport out the critical point programme for rescue of the resources. In 1997 all sturgeon species were included into the CITES appendi ces ( COP-10, Harare ) , and was implemented in 1998. Several other joint programmes were besides developed to measure sturgeon stock, constitution of sturgeon gimmick and export quota and the preservation and proper direction of sturgeon resources. In a mean while some(prenominal) International Organization such as UNDP, FAO, European Commission and World Bank developed a regional programme to seek to work out resources state of affairs in the Caspian Sea. Despite all the understandings, regulating and attempts put by all the regional and International Organizations, the job still remain unresolved and the sturgeon resources still face the hazard of terrible decrease. If the present regional and international strategies to cut sturgeon resources remain unsuccessful without any major betterment, the sturgeon species in the Caspian Sea pose a great menace of extinction in the hereafter.One of the possible solutions to the job is modulating the usage of resources and presenting the outwardnesss. One of the most common economical agencies of modulating a public good is through the painful sensation of taxation enhancements or levies to those responsible for debasement of natural resources. Examples include emanation and wastewater charges and user fees for waste disposal ( outwardnesss ) . Enforce more taxation enhancement on car industries who fail to fabricate pollution control autos. However, such attacks could be viewed negatively and unfavorable judgments will originate on policy shapers as money-raising exercisings. This is particularly the instance when the returns travel directly into general gross alternatively of being invested in ways to better direction of the resource. Another job with ordinance is that it does non assist to make any ineradicable consequence in the manner the resource is being used. It doesnt alteration peoples behavior. regardless of what the ordinances are or how they are being imposed, this attack is finally one of coercio n and it relies upon public cooperation or a authorities willing to face sustained rebellion or work stoppage. Without general credence of the staple values behind the ordinance, or a common values system it can non work. Even in Bhutan the revenue enhancement imposed on import of cars from foreign states is in immense sum. The gross and imposts office collects revenue enhancements from boundary line town in Phuntsholing and those parts of revenue enhancements decidedly go for direction of Environment. Every year all vehicles in Bhutan have to travel through emanation trial and required to pay for the go received. There is frequent look into up on the high manner by Traffic Police and functionaries from Road Safety and Transport situation and if found without the emanation trial reception, a mulct will be charged and at some instant it may take to cancellation of vehicle enrollment. The Role of National Commission clearly states that the Agency is responsible to Prevent, control and abates environmental injury, including Pollution, ( Environmental Assessment Act, 2000 ) .Fig 1.4 Picture demoing old metaphysical account vehicle providing on route doing pollution on the manner.The second attack, spliting up the parks is into belongings rights. It attempts to maintain the unity O f the parks by curtailing entree to the resource so that it isnt wholly depleted. In add-on it offers a limited group of people the chance for personal auxiliary if they manage the resource right. Its a method that is frequently used to fishing, where bounds are placed on the measures or types of fish allowed to be caught and in land glade, where quotas are set to stipulate how much land could be cleared yearly. It is besides being done through activities such as emanations merchandising. In Bhutan community forestry programme was introduced chiefly to apportion right to resource. Peoples in Bhutan, particularly those populating in rural countries, are largely underage on forest in their daily activities. Community Forestry direction is introduced chiefly for sustainable usage and to cut down poorness. The Forest and Nature conservation Act of Bhutan 1995 emphasized the rural communities in forestry services. It brought major alterations in forest direction by paving the manner for Community and Private Forestry. For the ancient few old ages at that place has been a enormous addition in the figure of community forest throughout Bhutan, with over ccc community woods and more go oning to set up. The community wood is supported by the National Forest Policy, the Forest and Nature preservation Act and Rules of the Royal Government of Bhutan.Fig 1.5 Picture demoing Forest in Eastern BhutanThe Uncontrolled human population growing taking to over population is major job behind for development of environments to the extreme. Malthus had written 200 old ages ago that the power of population is indefinitely greater than the power in the Earth to bring forth subsis tence to adult male. Population when non controlled tends to increase in Geometric patterned advance. Malthus destiny of humanity is meaningless as the conservationist of today thinks. The efficient usage of resources by modern engineering and its improved medical patterns and the adequate supply of nutrient have brought down mortality enormously and speed the population growing rate. The Dramatic enlarge in population has led to increased production of nutrient, shelter and habit due to modern engineering. This evidently has led to worsen in bionomics and inordinate loss in bio diverseness. During the last three centuries the population has accelerated at an dismaying rate. The population which took hundred old ages for one zillion populations to turn can now take merely 13 old ages for 1 billion populations to turn. Harmonizing statistics study from United Nations, population will reprise in 2050 and it reveals that in 31st October last twelvemonth in 2011, population has rea ched 7 billion. An estimated 76 million people are added every twelvemonth and this is truly a serious job. Around 61 % of the population lives in Asia, with highest populated states of chinaware with 1.3 billion and Indias population with 1 billion, 2002 estimation. This already shows that Earth can non defy the heavy population any longer. The lone solution is to cut down population by implementing programs and policies. This will enable the sustainable usage of the limited resources left by worlds for centuries. The democracy of mainland China is one of the best illustrations for commanding population. The Growth rate of population in China is merely 0.6 and it has been revealed that in 2050 both China and India will hold an equal population with 1.6 billion each. The one kid policy in China brought down the population growing rate drastically over the old ages, ( www.prb.org, mid, 1999 ) . Jointing solutions to the calamity of the parks is one of the chief jobs of political Phi losophy. In absence of enlightened opportunism, some signifier of authorization or federation is compulsory to work out the corporate action job. In a typical illustration, governmental ordinances can restrict the sum of a common good available for usage by any single. Permit systems for extractive economic activities including excavation, fishing, runing, bring about animal and timber extraction are illustrations of this attack. Similarly, bounds to pollution are illustrations of governmental intercession. Alternatively, resource users themselves can collaborate to conserve the resource in the name of common benefit. Another solution for some resources is to change over common good into private belongings, giving the new proprietor an inducing to implement its sustainability. This will hold more incentive to take attention of the private land and history for true cost. The cause of depletion of Natural Environment is due to Human Population. The Population is transcending the capacity of the Earth. Developing states in the universe are change magnitude population at an exponential rate and cause poorness, largely in Asian and African Countries. Human as compared to other life species are intelligent and are really good in utilizing resources and able to turn nutrient. However it has developed an pressing demand to increase resources to run into the demand of increasing Population. The impulse for privation of more and more nutrient for breathing in had encouraged the maximal usage of the limited resources. Depletion of Non renewable resources had reached its tallness, those resources one time used are gone everlastingly dissimilar the renewable resources like Air, Water and Land. The unsustainable usage of this resources will one twenty-four hours led to disappearing of the minerals and fossil fuels. Even the renewable resources are used to that extent that its being depleted faster than it can non be renewed. The increasing population uses the resour ces like neer used earlier because the degree of ingestion has increased drastically over times. The chief state of affairs of today is the inequalities among people and among the Nations. Most developing states have people below poorness line, even without basic necessities ( nutrient, H2O, shelter ) to last and besides these people live in hapless wellness conditions. This poorness state of affairs has allowed the people to concentrate on short-run endurance and these consequences in debasement of natural environment. The impacts on environment are contributed greatly by both developed and developing states. The Developed states of Japan, USA, Canada, Australia and other developed states contributes to around 18 % of the universes population but the usage of resources is beyond imaginativeness. Those developed states histories for around 88 % usage of resources around the universe and produces 75 % of the universes waste. The developing states of Asia, Africa and South American po rtions around 82 % of the universes population and still turning, and this will hold increasing impact on environment. Despite the high and increasing population in hapless states the sum of resource used is merely 12 % and generates waste of merely 25 % . However both rich and hapless have high impact on environment but in different ways ( Miller, G.T and Spool adult male, 2010 ) . Today, universe is confronting many jobs due to impact on environment, but there is no effectual solution to work out these serious jobs. The universe is at the phase of quandary and there is no option left, either to allow increasing population below poorness line to hunger to decease or utilize the resources left and so confront the effects. Peoples know what the consequence it will take to and the dismaying rate of population growing will be expected to duplicate in 2050 and the force per unit area on resources is increasing excessively. However on positive side engineering is progressing fast to unde rtake with societal and environmental jobs and it has proven over the old ages. Whatever the effects it could take to, merely clip will state, for the minute merely delay and ticker where these present human action will take to. Nothing is impossible and there is ever a solution for everything. Necessity is mother of innovations, Esther Bosrup

Dante Club

The Dante Club begins with the murder of false Chief Justice Judge Healey, who had avoided taking a position to resolution or support the escaped slaves of the South. Found by his chambermaid dear a white flag atop a short wooden staff, Healey had been hit in the head and then left in his tend to be eaten alive by strategically placed maggots and stung by hornets. Holmes, who examines the body for the police, recognizes the correlation between the murder and the retaliatements seen in Dantes Inferno.Then Reverend Talbot, who was compensable by the Harvard Corporation to write against Dante, was found dead in an tubing cemetery, buried up to his waist upside down, his feet burnt. Members of the Dante Club, a group of poets translating The churchman Comedy from Italian into English, notice the parallels between the murders and the punishments detailed in Dantes Inferno. The club, including hydrogen Wadsworth Longfellow, Oliver Wendell Holmes, Sr. , and James Russell Lowell, se ts out to solve the murders, fearing that the truth will disclose Dantes burgeoning reputation in America, thus making their translation a failure.Then, Phineas Jennison, both(prenominal) a wealthy contributor to the Harvard Corporation and friend to the translators (a schismatic), is sliced open exactly down the middleall killed in original fashion and undeniable resemblance to the punishments of people in Dantes Inferno. Eventually, the murderer is sight to be a former Civil War Soldier Dan teal, a man who worked at Ticknor and Fields. Driven partly mad by the distress of his war experiences, Teal hears Dante Club member George Washington Greene giving sermons on Dante, and becomes convinced that Dante alone understood the need for perfect justice in the world.With protecting Dante as his sole motivation, Teal takes it upon himself to release Hells punishments as indicated by Dante, in order to purify the urban center. Teal finds each of his victims when learning of their familiarity in the stopping of the translations, which become their respective sins. The club eventually tries to bring forth him, with the aid of Bostons first African-American policeman Nicholas Rey, the only other individual who saw the connection, while attempting to punish Harvard Treasurer Dr. Manning and Pliny Mead (the traitors). Mead was a student of the Dante black market who helped betray his eacher by cooperating with Manning. He later fled when the club assay to punish him for his involvement in stopping the translation of the Inferno. They later encounter him as he tries to round up the translators, to punish them for not embracing his work. Dr. Manning salve by Longfellow, Holmes, Rey, Lowell, and Fieldsrealizes the situation as he recovered from his attempted punishment of being buried naked in ice. He sees Teal on the street with a gun to Longfellow, and Manning ends the murderers life, thus returning the city to normal.

Flame Detector

INFRA-RED FLAME spying 123 S200+ SERIES TRIPLE IR FLAME detectorS USER MANUAL S200+ USER MANUAL INDEX rascal A) INTRODUCTION 1 1. 1 Flame Detection mental process 1 3. B) Introduction 2. General Construction 4 intersection point APPLICATION 5 1. C) Application 5 2. Benefits of the S200+ series 6 8 Introduction 8 2. Electrical Characteristics 8 3. Mechanical Characteristics 13 4. Environmental 16 5. Operation 17 6. Performance Characteristics 22 7. Design of System 30 8. D) ar jogment DESIGN INFORMATION 1. Approvals and Compliance with cadences nd Patents 31 INSTALLATION 38 1. General 38 2. ascent a demodulator 38 3. E) Detector Wiring 40 4. Initial Wiring Check 55 57 1. System Checks 57 2. F) COMMISSIONING Connecting and Commissioning the Detectors 57 64 1. G) nutriment 64 General ORDERING INFORMATION APPENDIX 1 CONNECTING S241+ AS A actual SOURCE DEVICE 66 67 subdivision A 1. INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION The S200+ race of triple IR erupt exposeors comp annuls five roph y on hassle sensing element variants. The demodulators sh atomic number 18 the equivalent blaze up spying tour of dutyry, optics and main mechanical ho use.Each variant is accessible as an Intrinsic solelyy guard (i) or Flameproof (f) interpreting except the S261+ which is availcapable still in the Flameproof version. The five variants ar VARIANT Conventional 2-Wire Interface 4-20mA stream Loop Interface Analogue Addressable Loop Interface communicate Interface MX Digital Interface INTRINSICALLY SAFE S231i+ S241i+ S251i+ S271i+ noncombustible S231f+ S241f+ S251f+ S261f+ S271f+ The S200+ Advanced Flame Detector offers a major improvement in both flame spying capability and immunity to blackbody radiation.The S200+ is operable in per se safe and flameproof models except for the S261f+ which is available all as a flameproof version. In particular, the cast incorpo judge models for conventional sleuthing circuits (S231i+, S231f+), models for partnership to 4-20 mA at a lower placeway wave (S241i+, S241f+), models for connection to Thorn shelter Minerva analogue available transcriptions (S251i+, S251f+), a flameproof model with relay outputs (S261f+) and models for connection to Minerva MX Digital systems (S271i+, S271f+).The output of the S241+ delivers a truly analogue ongoing output and the S251+ and S271+ provide an additional level of signboardling to indicate a pre- dispirit develop. The sensing elements gain been tried by LPCB to EN 54 Part 10 and subscribe to been classify as Class 1 flame sensors on the 50m and 25m incline scenes and as Class 3 on the 12m come in setting. For marine applications, the sensing elements postulate been attempted to Lloyds Register interrogatory Specification Number 1 (2002). Environmental Category ENV1, 2, 3 and 5 and to DNV Certification nonees No. 2. 4 (April 2001). 2.FLAME DETECTION OPERATION The S200+ demodulators analyse radiant energy at triple variant wave spaces and as such offer the good benefits of the triple IR flame demodulator. The maintainor aims a well proven, flame detection technique. This is found on monitoring for modulated infra- ruby radiation in the 4. 3? m waveband corresponding to CO2 electric arc. It incorporates Thorn protective covering patented techniques for meliorate rejection of solar energy by utilise a combination of deuce 4. 3? m filters for Gaussian noise rejection by averaging the output aim of two separate sensor elements.Three different misgiving sticks of 3s, 6s and 12s be provided in all versions of the S200+. 2. 1 BLACKBODY REJECTION The S200+ implements a new concept for eliminating horror alertings from modulated blackbody sources. The new design incorporates a novel ocular filter(1) which enables a single electronic infra-red sensor to measure the radiated energy commit in two separate wavebands placed on either human face of the flame detection waveband, at 3. 8? m and 4. 8? m respectively ( descry Fig A-1).The signal obtained from this guard channel is cross-correlated with the signal from the flame detection channel to provide an accurate prediction of the non-flame energy inclose in the flame detection waveband. This prediction is independent of the temperature of the radiation source, allowing the S200+ to provide blackbody rejection everyplace a broad range of source temperatures. (1) procure (see partition C, 8. 4). 1 Fig. A-1 shows the amount of energy given by a hot object (blackbody) as go acrossed in the electromagnetic spectrum. This curve has a peak which moves further to the unexpended with higher(prenominal) temperature objects.The amount of energy seen betwixt 3. 8? m and 4. 8? m backside be approximated to a linear run away. Thus, a measurement of the energy at these two wavelengths provides reading to calculate with sufficient accuracy the level of blackbody radiation at the intermediate flame detection wavelength of 4. 3? m. The energy col lectible to the emission from hot carbon dioxide given by a flame is position on that from every blackbody in the detector cranial orbit of view without adding some(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) significant emissions at 3. 8? m or 4. 8? m, thus enabling proper segregation among non-flame signals and flame signals.Because a swelled excite lead possibly develop a large amount of black smoke which provide behave akin a blackbody and whitethorn weaken the carbon dioxide peak, signals greater than a pre-determined focal ratio limit exit be classed as a put up. The use of an visual processing technique, as opposed to the use of two separate electronic sensors for the guard channel, improves the overall reliability of the detector by reducing the add up of components and eliminating the need for complex calibration turns during manufacture. TEMPERATURE MOVEMENT FLAME zippo tempestuous BLACKBODYCOLD BLACKBODY 3. 8? m 4. 3? m 4. 8? m WAVELENGTH Fig. A-1 Radiation fr om Objects 2. 2 DETECTION RANGE The S200+ range can detect on axis a fully developed 0. 1m2 n-heptane or throttle pan off enhance at up to 50m and the same(p) fire up to 25m on the 25m setting. A 12m setting is besides available. 2 2. 3 DETECTION OF FLAME IN THE PRESENCE OF BLACKBODY radianIATION The ability of the detector to determine accurately the amount of non-flame radiation received at any one magazine by the flame detection channel allows a variable appal doorsill to be determined (see Fig. A-2).This scepter is positioned so as to minimise the possibility of a incorrect alarm ascribable to the movement of modulated blackbody sources of different temperature and intensity. FLAME ENERGY horrify THRESHOLD FLAME SIGNALS BLACKBODY SIGNALS CROSS-CORRELATED ENERGY Fig. A-2 2. 4 Signal touch on DETECTOR CONDITION SIGNALLING The S200+ incorporates two different colour light emitting diodes, red for alerting and yellow for short circuitcoming. By using different flashing rates for the yellow (Fault) direct, separate indication of detector (electronic) reproach and dirty windowpanepane (optical lawfulness monitoring) is provided.The yellow light-emitting diode is non fitted to the S251+ and S271+ detectors. The S241+ provides an analogue output current, in the range 4-20mA, proportional to the flame detection signal. The S251+ provides two pre-set current value to signal alarm and pre-alarm cracks. Pre-set currents, in the range 0-4mA, ar utilize to distri hardlyively signal detector (electronic) breakout and dirty window for both detector typecasts. The S271+ shows the same signalling conditions as the S251+ but preferably of the units being in mA, they atomic number 18 signalled digitally using the MX protocol. 3 3. GENERAL CONSTRUCTION Fig. A-3 shows a cosmopolitan view of a complete detector.Fig. A-3 S200+ Detector General View The detector is of robust braid to allow its use in harsh environments. The detector comprises a two- part stain little steel enclosure. The bowel movement section of the enclosure contains the encapsulated electro-optical convention which is machine-accessible to the endpoint board on the rear section by a small personal credit lineform. A sapphire window is fitted in the front of the housing. The window allows infra-red radiation to fall on the sensors, the direct alarm and imperfection indicators are visible through the window. The front section of the enclosure is tie to the rear section by four captive screws.A seal provided between the front and rear sections ensures security system to IP66 and IP67. Two 20mm business entries are provided at the screw. All electrical connections are made to three 4-way final blocks (four 4-way closing blocks for the S261f+). The detector may be fitted directly to a suitable go forth or an optional adjustable climbing bracket may be apply. A stainless steel guard is fitted to the flameproof versions to protect the integrity of the window (shown in Fig. A-3). Until the end of 2004, the detectors had two cable entries at the bottom and one at the top.The detector design has been changed to remove the top cable intro due to problems with wet ingress where the top cable entry has non been sealed properly during installation. 4 SECTION B PRODUCT APPLICATION 1. APPLICATION 1. 1 GENERAL The detectors are intended for the protection of high-risk expanses in which accidental fires are likely to result in flaming combustion with the production of carbon dioxide. Typical materials in this type of risk are a) inflammable liquids, including petroleum products, alcohol, and glycol etc. b) Flammable sportes including methane. c) Paper, wood and packing materials. ) Coal. e) P ultimatelyics. These substances ignite readily and burn rapidly, producing flame, often accompany by large volumes of dark smoke. logical argument The detectors are not knowing to respond to flames emanating from arouses which do not c ontain carbon eg, hydrogen, ammonia, metals, and should not be used for such risks without satisfactory fire testing. The S200+ series, by virtue of their construction and rejection of spurious radiation, are suitable for use both indoors or outdoors in a wide range of applications. Note 1. 2 The detectors essentialiness be mounted to a rigid support which go out not move in aeriform conditions.This is to avoid false alarms due to detector movement modulating radiation from hot bodies at the edge of the field of view. Avoid mounting detectors where they are subject to high levels of vibration. USE IN HAZARDOUS ATMOSPHERES The S200i+ series detectors are ATEX/IECEx evidence intrinsically safe, and are classified E Ex/ Ex ia IIC T5 or T4 (-40C ? Ta ? +80C). In an intrinsically safe system the detectors are suitable for use in doubtful zonas 0, 1 and 2 where group IIC gases and vapours are present in explosive concentrations. take hold of character 8. 1 for full details. The S 200f+ series detectors are ATEX certified flameproof.They are classified E Ex d IIC T6 or T5 (-20C ? Ta ? +80C) and are suitable for use in hazardous areas zones 1 and 2. The S200f+ detectors are also IECEx certified flameproof. They are classified Ex d IIC T6 or T5 (-20? C ? Ta ? +60? C) and are certified for use in hazardous areas zone 1 and zone 2. See Section 8. 2. 5 1. 3 USE IN NON-HAZARDOUS domain of a functionS In non hazardous ares it is recommended the hobby detectors are fitted S231i+, S241i+ and S251i+ without a breastwork. These detectors are electrically the same as the f+ versions. They are less expensive and have a wider field of view as they do not require the window guard.S261f+ (has no intrinsically safe version available). S271f+ Do not fit the S271i+ as for this detector the MX communications is optimised for use with an IS barrier. Its performance without a barrier is not characterised. Note 1. 4 The S271i+ impart not communicate without the EXI800 and barri er fitted. FEATURES 2. A self-test facility is embodied to test a number of characteristics, including the cleanliness of the window. The self-test may be initiated aloofly. Switch selectable range settings. Switch selectable time to alarm settings.Operational range up to 50m, fuel dependent. international control of range. S271+ has fast detection using MX interrupt facility. contrasted control of delay, range and remote test on S271+. in all solar blind. Very low quiescent tycoon consumption. High sensitivity to hydrocarbon fire in oily environments. Rugged stainless steel 316 housing and mounting bracket. Flexible mounting and angular adjustment. Ease of installation. Connection for remote LED. Selectable latching/non-latching alarm output (not S251+/S271+). Selectable latching/non-latching disgrace output (not S251+/S271+). BENEFITS OF THE S200+ SERIESInfra-red flame detectors offer certain benefits over detectors working in the visible or ultra-violet reg ions of the spectrum. For example they are 6 Highly sensitive to flame thus increase probability of former(a) detection of hydrocarbon fires. Not greatly affected by window contamination by dirt and oil deposits thus decreasing maintenance absolute frequency leading to ope grade cost reduction. Able to see flames through smoke, and able to see flames through high densities of solvent vapours thus increasing the probability of early detection of hydrocarbon fires over opposite (ultra-violet) detectors in the same conditions.Several detectors on a single 2-wire conventional or analog addressable circuit. The S200+ series have all the in a higher place benefits and additionally are Completely solar-blind in median(prenominal) conditions, thus, eliminating false alarms due to direct or collateral fair weather. Insensitive to electric arcs thus eliminating false alarms from welding deeds. Insensitive to near light sources. See Section C (6. 4) for to a greater extent deta ils on false alarm performance. Sealed to IP66 and IP67 (when suitable cable glands and sealant are used) ensuring long term reliability in harsh environments. 7SECTION C constitution DESIGN INFORMATION 1. INTRODUCTION The electrical, mechanical, environmental characteristics and the performance of the S200+ series flame detectors, must be taken into account when designing a system which uses these detectors. This information is given to a lower place, together with guidance on detector siting. 2. electric CHARACTERISTICS 2. 1 S231i+/S231f+ The S231i+/231f+ detectors are two-wire devices, designed to manoeuvre on any typical conventional fire detection control equipment providing a regulated 20V dc current monitoring loop, including ascendancys construct by Thorn Security.Compatibility should be assessed using the technical data below and it is recommended that evaluation tests are carried out preceding to siting and installation. The quiescent current drain is very small an d the alarm condition is signalled by a large increase in current demand. resetting is achieved by removing the supply potential for a period greater than 0. 5 seconds. 2. 1. 1 COMPATIBILITY WITH OTHER THORN SECURITY CONVENTIONAL DETECTORS The connection of Thorn Securitys plug-in conventional detectors, ie M300 and M600 ranges, in the same circuit as S231+ flame detectors is not generally recommended.S231+ flame detectors may be committed in the same circuit as S131/S161 type detectors. The number of S231+ detectors per zone should be assessed taking account of good engineering principles, controller characteristics and cable parameters. As a guide, most controllers bequeath permit 4 S231+ units per zone. We do no recommend exceeding 6 x s231+ units per zone. Note 1) S161 flame detectors may be connected in flameproof circuits and can, therefore, be connected with S231f+ flame detectors. 2) If detectors are mixed, thus an S231+ detector must be the last detector n the zone or a daub condition on an S231+ detector allow not be signalled to the controller. 2. 1. 2 practiced DATA tote up Voltage inactive contemporary alarum Current Alarm rig Mode Reset cartridge holder/Voltage 8 15V to 28V. (Voltage at the detector when not in alarm). 350? A (typical). 33mA (typical) at 24V source, supplied via 330 ohms. 38mA (typical) with remote LED fitted. 18mA (typical) with MTL 5061 barrier fitted. See Fig. C-1. Operation must be curtail to the safe area shown by use of remote resistance if necessary. Supply must be reduced to less than 2V for greater than 0. 5 seconds. stabilisation time later on eset/ power up combining weight Inductance same Capacitance 60 seconds (typical) to 90 seconds ( maximum). 0mH. 1. 5nF. Note 1) The maximum number of detectors that may be connected to a zone circuit is 6 (see 2. 1. 1). 2) The alarm currents shown above include current through a 4k7 end-of-line resistor. 3) In general, it is not possible to use a remote indicato r on detectors which are supplied via a shunt barrier safety diode or galvanizing isolator. 4) Where a remote LED is used, a 33 ohm resistor should be fitted in series with it to limit the current through the LED to near 30mA. 80REMOTE LED FITTED WITH SERIES 33OHM RESISTOR TOTAL CURRENT IN demoralise (mA) 70 60 50 40 SAFE OPERATING AREA 30 NO REMOTE LED 20 10 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 VOL noteE AT DETECTOR (V) nonE 4k7 END-OF-LINE RESISTOR FITTED Fig. C-1 2. 2 Load Characteristics in Alarm S241i+/S241f+ The S241i+/S241f+ detectors provide a 4-20mA current sink output, suitable for standard programmable logic controllers. 2. 2. 1 TECHNICAL DATA Supply Voltage 15V to 28V (Voltage at the detector). Quiescent Current 350? A (typical), excluding signalling current. 9 Supply Current in Alarm 12mA (typical), at 24V supply. 0mA (typical), with remote LED fitted. 10mA (typical), with 600 ohm barrier. 12mA (typical), with 600 ohm barrier + remote LED. Alarm Output Mode 4-20mA CUR RENT SINK. (See Appendix 1 for S241+ wired as a current source output). Signalling Currents DISCRETE SIGNALLING (OLD SYSTEM) CONDITION AFD CURRENT TYP. (mA) Fault design Alarm 1. 5 4. 5 17. 0 Table 1 S241+ distinguishable Signalling (Old System) CONTINUOUSLY VARIABLE SIGNALLING (NEW SYSTEM) CONDITION AFD CURRENT TYP. (mA) Non window Fault windowpane Fault Normal Flame Sensing 0. 0 2. 0 4. 0 5. 7 to 17. 0* Table 2 S241+ Continuously shifting Signalling (New System) * See paratrooper 5. for Sensitivity ( bleed) Selection Note The signalling mode is selected by office of a DIL switch, see section E 2. 1. In both decided and continuously variable signalling the alarm LED give come on when a 4-20mA output exceeds 17. 0mA. Reset duration/Voltage Supply must be reduced to less than 2V for greater than 0. 5 seconds. Stabilisation Time after reset /power up 60 seconds (typical) to 90 seconds (maximum). Equivalent Inductance 0mH. Equivalent Capacitance 1. 5nF. Note An external 33 ohm resistor should be fitted in series with a remote LED. S241+ is designed with a 4-20mA current sink output.However, it can be wired as a current source device with limitations. See Appendix 1 for details. 10 2. 3 S251i+/S251f+ The S251i+/251f+ detectors are analogue addressable devices which are designed to operate with the Minerva range of analogue addressable fire control equipment currently manufactured by Thorn Security Limited. 2. 3. 1 TECHNICAL DATA The maximum number of detectors that may be connected to a Minerva system loop is 50. The maximum number of detectors that may be connected to each barrier in a Hazardous Area circuit is 10. Average current consumption 350? A Stabilisation Time after eset /power up 60 seconds (typical) to 90 seconds (maximum). S251+ analogue addressable signalling currents DISCRETE SIGNALLING (OLD SYSTEM) CONDITION AFD CURRENT TYP. (mA) MINERVA MEASUREMENT (mA) MINERVA LIMITS (mA) Fault Normal Alarm 0. 75 2. 25 9. 0 1. 5 4. 5 18. 0 0 to 3. 0 3. 0 to 10. 4 16. 2 nominal Table 3 S251+ Discrete Signalling (Old System) ENHANCED SIGNALLING room CONDITION AFD CURRENT TYP. (mA) MINERVA MEASUREMENT (mA) MINERVA LIMITS (mA) Non Window Fault Window Fault Normal Pre-Alarm Alarm 0 1. 5 3. 0 7. 0 9. 0 0 3. 0 6. 0 14. 0 18. 0 0 to 2. 0 2. 0 to 4. 0 4. 0 to 12. 12. 0 to 16. 0 16. 0 minimum Table 4 S251+ Enhanced Signalling (New System) Note 1) The signalling mode is selected by means of a DIL switch, see Section E 2. 1, Table 3. 2) Remote Range and Self visitation selection is not available for the S251i+ when used with a shunt diode safety barrier. CAUTION IF USING AN S251+ WORKING IN THE ENHANCED SIGNALLING MODE TO REPLACE AN S251, THE S251+ MUST BE CONFIGURED IN CONSYS VERSION 12. 0 OR LATER. 11 2. 4 S261f+ The S261+ is only provided in a flameproof version. The S261f+ provides a relay interface for alarm and shortcoming conditions. 2. 4. 1TECHNICAL DATA Supply Voltage Fault relay Alarm relay Quiescent Current Alarm Current Fault C urrent Reset Time/Voltage Stabilisation Time after reset /power up 15V to 28V. (Voltage at the detector). Normally closed, grants under mistake conditions. Normally plain-spoken, closes under alarm conditions. 11mA. (typical) at 28V supply. 30mA. (typical) at 28V supply. 37mA. (typical) at 28V supply with remote LED fitted. 350? A. (typical). Supply must be reduced to less than 2V for greater than 0. 5 seconds. 60 seconds (typical) to 90 seconds (maximum). Note 1) The relay contacts are rated 2A at 28V dc. ) An external 33 ohm resistor should be fitted in series with the remote LED. 2. 5 S271i+/S271f+ The S271+ is designed to operate with the Minerva MX range of digital addressable fire control equipment currently manufactured by Thorn Security Limited. 2. 5. 1 TECHNICAL DATA For the Maximum number of S271i+ detectors and maximum cable length connected to the MX Intrinsically Safe loop, refer to document 17A-02-ISLOOP MX Intrinsically Safe System Loop Loading Calculation. Stabil isation Time after reset /power up 60 seconds (typical) to 90 seconds (maximum). The sightly current consumption is 500?A. The S271+ digital signalling CONDITION Non-Window Fault Window Fault Pre-Alarm Alarm Normal DELTA OUTPUT (Bits) ?10 ?51 and ? 11 ?153 ?190 ?68 Table 5 12 3. MECHANICAL CHARACTERISTICS 3. 6 TECHNICAL DATA Dimensions (see Fig. C-2) Height 167mm Width 167mm Depth 89. 5mm max (maximum sagacity with flameproof guard fitted 94mm) Weight 3. 8kg acclivity Bracket Weight 1. 1kg Materials barrier Stainless steel 316L, ANC4BFCLC to BS3146 Part 2 Window Sapphire Mounting Bracket Stainless steel to BS1449 Part 2 316 S16 Screws etc. exposed to the elements Bright stainless steel 316 Electronic ModuleEncapsulated. Electrical irritate Standard M20 gland holes (two) 13 3 X FLAMEPROOF confine MOUNTING POSTS 4 x M8 SURFACE MOUNTING HOLES OPTICAL supervise REFLECTOR SAPPHIRE windowpane 167 100 149. 3 167 76. 5 TAG LABEL 52. 5 2 X 20mm GLAND HOLES NOTE level best HEIGHT WIT H FLAMEPROOF GUARD FITTED (94mm) Fig. C-2 S200+ Series Overall Dimensions 14 89. 5 max SEE NOTE 0 50 ADJUSTMENT 68. 5 RAD 4 x M8 SURFACE MOUNTING HOLES 100 22 0 149. 3 SURFACE MOUNTING DIMENSIONS 45 0 200mm CLEARANCE necessary FOR FULL ADJUSTMENT Fig. C-3 Adjustable Mounting Bracket and Surface Mounting Dimensions 15 4. 4. 1 ENVIRONMENTAL GENERALThe design and construction of the S200+ series detectors are such that they may be used over a wide range of environmental conditions. Relevant limits are given in Para 4. 2. 4. 2 4. 2. 1 TECHNICAL DATA TEMPERATURE, HUMIDITY, PROTECTION AND PRESSURE run temperature range For non hazardous installations For hazardous installations using flameproof S200f+ detectors in ATEX certified applications For hazardous installations using flameproof S200f+ detectors in IECEx applications For hazardous installations using intrinsically safe S200i+ detectors in ATEX or IECEx applications Storage temperature rangeRelative humidity Enclosure protection Normal operating atmospheric pressure come alive radiation from sun -40C to +80C (110C for short durations) -20C to 80C -20C to 60C -40C to 80C -40C to +80C Up to 95% RH (non-condensing) Tested to IP66 and IP67* 910mbar to 1055mbar 0 to 1000Wm2 typical * Cable gland entries must be suitably sealed to achieve the required IP rating (see 3. 4 Section D). 4. 2. 2 VIBRATION AND SHOCK The S200+ series detectors are designed and tested for vibration and shock to EN54-10 (the Standard for flame detection components of automatic fire detection systems).For marine applications, the detectors have been tested to Lloyds Register Test Specification Number 1 (1996) Vibration Test 1 and to DNV Certification Notes No2. 4 (May 1995) Class A. 4. 2. 3 ELECTROMAGNETIC racket The detector is insensitive to radio frequency interference. It has been designed and tested to the requirements of EN54-10 (the Standard for flame detection components of automatic fire detection systems) and BS EN 61000-6-3 G eneric Emissions Residential Commercial and Light Industry and EN 50130-4, the generic standard for electromagnetic immunity within the European Union.The detectors have been tested to the product family standard for fire alarm systems, EN50130-4. Tests have proved the operation in field strengths of 10V/m at frequencies from 150kHz to 2000MHz with amplitude and pulse transition, when installed in accordance with this manual. For Marine applications the detectors, have been tested to Lloyds Register Test Specification Number 1 (1996) E. M. I. Immunity for Electronic products and to DNV Certification Notes No. 2. 4 (May 1995) Electromagnetic Compatibility Tests. To comply with the above standards, ferrite tubes must be fitted to the detector base as shown in Fig. D3, Page 40. 16 4. 2. 4IONISING RADIATION The S200+ series, like other infra-red detectors, is insensitive to X-rays and gamma radiation as used in non-destructive testing. The detector testament operate unremarkably and will not false alarm when exposed to this type of radiation although long term video to high radiation levels may lead to permanent damage. 4. 2. 5 erosion The detector is able to withstand the effects of corrosion conditioning with siemens dioxide (SO2) concentration as specified in EN54-10. For Marine applications the detectors have been tested to Lloyds Register Test Specification Number 1 (1996) sodium chloride becloud test and to DNV Certification Notes No. . 4 (May 1995) Salt Mist Test. 5. OPERATION 5. 1 disheartenment INDICATION A red LED is visible through the front window which gives the same indication for the S231+, S241+ and S261+ variants. incandescence indicates an alarm. The S251+ (analogue addressable variant) and the S271+ (digital addressable variant) indicate in the same manner as the other variants, but the LED is driven by the controller. In normal conditions the LED is pulsed at two second intervals for the S251+ and 5 seconds for the S271+. Continuous lighter indicates an alarm under control of the Minerva controller. 5. 2 ALARM SIGNALLINGThe detectors signal an alarm condition as follows S231+ Increase in current drawn from supply, see Fig. C-1. S241+ Current drawn on the loop will be between 5. 7-17. 0mA. (A single value between 16. 0-19. 0mA is drawn for the S241 compatible mode). S251+ Returned current will be between 8. 3 and 9. 7mA. A pre-alarm function is also available which returns a current value between 6. 5 and 7. 5mA. The latter is not available for the S251 compatible mode. S261+ Alarm relay will close. S271+ Returned determine will be ? 190 bits. A Pre-alarm function is also available which returns values of ? 153 bits.The S231+, S241+ and S261+ may be set as alarm latching or non-latching. When the S241+ is operated in the Continuously Variable Signalling mode, the alarm latching function is inoperative. The S251+/S271+ have only the non-latching mode. In the non-latching mode, if the alarm source is re moved for greater than 5 seconds, then the detector will stop indicating an alarm. In the latching mode the controller must be reset to remove the alarm condition. Note The use of an S231i+ in a non-latching mode is generally possible when the detector is connected after a shunt diode safety barrier but evaluation tests are recommended. 7 5. 3 find fault INDICATION For the S231+, S241+ and S261+ variants the yellow LED will flash indicating a fault. Different flashing rates are used to indicate different faults, as follows Window obscuration 0. 5Hz Detector fault 2. 0Hz The S251+/S271+ will not provide a local indication for a fault, instead the fault indication will be displayed on the controller. 5. 4 FAULT SIGNALLING The detectors signal a fault condition as follows S231+ Open circuit fault band ie, the EOL resistor is made open circuit.The faulty detector puts 4 pulses of total width 45ms and level 55mA on the line which is spy by the S231+ connected at the end of the zone. This detector open circuits the EOL resistor. Note The end detector in the zone must be an S231+ with the EOL fitted as it is this device which will signal a fault, the faulty detector will indicate with a flashing yellow LED. S241+ Current drawn on the loop will be as follows 0. 0 to 0. 5mA for a detector fault 1. 8 to 2. 2mA for a window fault 1. 3 to 1. 7mA for any fault in the S241 compatible mode S251+ Analogue returned current will be as follows 0. 0 to 0. mA for a detector fault 1. 3 to 1. 7mA for a window fault 0. 65 to 0. 85mA for any fault in the S251 compatible mode S261+ Fault relay will open S271+ Digital returned values will be as follows between ? 51 and ? 11 bits for a window fault ? 10 for a non-window fault The S231+/S241+/S261+ detectors may be selected as fault latching or non-latching. In the nonlatching mode, the fault condition will be cancelled up to 80 seconds after the fault has been removed. The S251+/S271+ have only the non-latching mode. 18 5. 5 SENSITIVITY (RANGE) extract The range is switch selectable on a 6-way DIL (4-way S271+) switch (S1, Fig.C-4) on the backbox terminal PCB. The following nominal ranges are available Extended range. (50 metres) Normal range. (25 metres) trim down range (12. 5 metres) 6m (S251f+ and S271f+ only) These ranges are for an n-heptane fire in a 0. 1m2 pan located on the main axis of the detector field of view. With the S241+ set to Continuously Variable Signalling mode (see Section E 2. 1), the nominal ranges above correspond to an alarm threshold set to 17mA. Laboratory tests indicate that setting the alarm thresholds at 9 and 15mA (as opposed to 17mA) will increase the range a fire is detected at by approximately 20 and 10% respectively.For the S251+/S271+, the detection distance for the PRE-ALARM function is approximately 18% higher than the ALARM distance. Range can also be selected in MX CONSYS and will take effect if all switches are in the take out position from the co ntroller for the S271+. There is provision for halving the range value selected by the switches. If the terminal connector Range is connected to 0V then the detection range is reduced to half that of the switch setting. This may be done by taking cables to a remote contact the other side of which is connected to the same 0V as the reference for Line In supply. . 6 determine TO ALARM The minimum delay to alarm is 3 seconds from a fire being present in the field of view that is large fair to middling to be detected. This delay is also switch selectable using 6-way (4-way S271+) DIL switch (S1, Fig. C-4), the following additional values are available Note 6 seconds. 12 seconds. The minimum delay to alarm is 3 seconds. However, with this setting, the detector requires that the alarm threshold level has been exceeded throughout for a minimum of 3 seconds in any given 5 second window. Therefore, for fires where the intensity varies, the time to alarm may be longer.Similarly, for the 6 second setting, the alarm threshold level must be maintained for a minimum of 6 seconds in any 8 second window and for the 12 second setting, the alarm threshold level must be maintained for a minimum of 12 seconds in any 14 second window. When the S241+ is operated in Continuously Variable Signalling mode, the delay to alarm switches on S1 are inoperative. This means that in windy conditions where the fire signal varies over time, the detection range will be reduced on the longer time to alarm settings.The signal is smoothened to reduce jitter and this results in a settling time of between 3s and 5s. come on delay could be added by the controller if required. 19 In the chance of the S251+, there is additional delay to alarm introduced by the confirmation procedure of the Minerva control panel. This extra delay is between 4 and 6 seconds. For the S251+/S271f+ PRE-ALARM function, the delay to alarm settings on switch S1 are inoperative, the only delay is that introduced by the Min erva/MX panel. For the S271+, the delay may be set from MX CONSYS via the controller if all the switches are in the OFF position. assemble S1 (S271+ ONLY) SWITCH S2 (S251+ ONLY) SWITCH S1 SWITCH S2 (S271+ ONLY) ON S1 ON S1 ON S2 ON S2 1 4 1 6 1 7 1 8 INTERFACE PCB connectedness BLOCKS RELAYS AND CONNECTOR BLOCK (S261+ ONLY) Fig. C-4 Switch Location 5. 7 SELF- interrogation The detector usually carries out a complete self-test every 20 minutes. The self-test exercises the pyro-electric sensors, electronics and monitors the window for cleanliness. If the window cleanliness test fails on 20 successive occasions (6 hours 40 minutes), a fault condition is generated and the fault LED, where fitted, flashes at the rate of 0. 5Hz.In this condition, the window self-test only is automatically ingeminate every minute until the window clears and window self-test passes. If the window test continuously fails then the complete self-test will still be repeated every 20 minutes. Other self-test failures will be indicated on the first test after they have occurred. For the complete self-tests to be run automatically, the self-test connection on the terminal board must be left open circuit when the unit is powered up. In this mode, additional self-tests may be initiated remotely by connecting 0V to the self-test terminal, refer to the wiring diagrams in Section D. 0 The detector may be powered up in such a condition that the window self-test can only be initiated remotely on demand (the automatic window self-test is disabled). In read for this to be achieved the detector must be powered up with the self-test terminal connected to 0V (terminals 3 or 5). To initiate the test for the first time after power up, the connection to the self-test terminal must be opened for at least 5 seconds and then closed again. This self-test function (which takes 10 seconds) will commence within 2 seconds of the closing and the result of the test indicated for as long as the connection remains closed.If the test passes, an alarm condition will be indicated and if it fails a fault condition will be indicated. To remove the test indication, the connection to the self-test terminal must be opened. A self-test fail indication due to a window fault will remain until a window self-test is successful and will then unlatch after a 1 minute delay. The self-test should not be repeated more frequently than every 20 seconds (to allow the self-test circuitry to recharge) as incorrect results may occur. Note that if a unit is poorly sited such that sunlight can reach the window test detector element, the receive amplifier may saturate.In this event, that particular test is aborted and if this situation persists for 6 hours 40 minutes, the unit will register a fault condition. CAUTION A REMOTELY INITIATED TEST WILL PRODUCE AN ALARM SIGNAL FROM THE DETECTOR IF THE TEST SHOWS THAT THE WINDOW IS CLEAN. TAKE THE NECESSARY STEPS TO INHIBIT A FULL ALARM CONDITION AT THE CONTROL PANEL BEFORE PROCEEDING. IF THE SELF-TEST CONNECTION IS NOT OPENED AFTER A SELF-TEST THE DETECTOR WILL REMAIN DISABLED. The window self-test may be disabled by permanently connecting the self-test terminal to 0V (pins 3 or 5) before power up.This may be desirable in those conditions in which contaminants may make the window appear dirty but which may not affect the ability of the detector to otherwise function normally. The detector may be reset by reducing the voltage to less than 2 volts for greater than 0. 5 seconds. A remote LED may be used with the detector except for the S251i+ and S271i+ when the detector is used through a shunt diode safety barrier or galvanic isolator. A self-test may be initiated remotely from the controller for the S271+ (dependant on MX firmware version). 1 6. PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS 6. 1 GENERAL A large number of fire tests have been carried during the development phase of the S200+ Series detectors to determine their response limits. The results of these tests are summarised below. In order to appreciate their significance, an consciousness of the mode of the operation of the detector is necessary, and a brief explanation follows 6. 2 MODE OF OPERATION BEHAVIOUR IN eruption TESTS Flaming fires involving carbonaceous materials name large quantities of carbon dioxide.This part of the combustion process gives rise to a very high level of infra-red radiation in a narrow wavelength region centred upon 4. 3? m. The radiation from a fire flickers in a characteristic way and the detector uses this flicker signal in conjunction with the black body rejection technique described in Section A to discriminate between flame and non-flame signals. The level of the signal depends upon the size of the flame and its distance from the detector. For liquid fuels the signal level increases as the open area of the burning liquid increases.For any type of fire the signal level generally varies inversely with the square of the distance. For convenience, fire tests are normally carried out using liquid fuels burning in pans of known area in still air. Note The results of fire tests can be all-important(prenominal)ly affected by weather conditions prevailing at the time, eg, wind. The sensitivity of a detector can then be conveniently expressed as the distance at which a particular fire size can be detected. While the S200+ will reject modulated signals from blackbody sources, the presence of such sources of high intensity may affect the sensitivity of the detectors.It is important to think in terms of distance rather than time because of the different burning characteristics of different fuels. Fig. C-5 shows the response to two different fuels which ultimately produce the same signal level. The signal level given by n-heptane rapidly reaches its maximum and produces an alarm within about six seconds of ignition. Diesel, on the other hand, being less volatile, takes about a minute to reach sense of balance and an alarm is given in about 60 seconds from ignition. Note 22If a fire test is carried out using non-miscible fuels then it is strongly recommended that water be placed in the bottom of the pan to keep it undisturbed and prevent it deforming. A sufficient amount of fuel must be placed in the pan to ensure combustion occurs over all of its area throughout the intended duration of the test. 2 a) 0. 1m N-HEPTANE PAN FIRE b) 0. 1m 2 DIESEL PAN FIRE c) 0. 1m 2 Mgrain alcohol/ETHANOL PAN FIRE a) c) ENERGY FROM FIRES a) and c) at 25m FIRE b) AT 15m ENERGY b) 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 TIME SECONDS Fig. C-5 Burn Characteristics of Pan FiresThe time taken by the fire to reach counterpoise depends on the initial temperature of the fuel. If diesel were to be pre-heated to a temperature above its flash point then its behaviour would be more like that of n-heptane at 25oC. The test data presented below refers to fires which have reached their equilibrium condition. 6. 3 FIRE TEST DATA The S200+ range has been tested by LPCB to BS EN 54 Part 10 2002 and classified as a Class 1 flame detector on the 50m and 25m range settings. The S200+ is certified as Class 3 on the 12m range setting. 6. 3. 1 N-HEPTANEThe most convenient fuel for fire tests is n-heptane since it is readily available and pronto reaches its equilibrium burning rate. The range figures specified in Para 5. 5 relate to a n-heptane fire in a 0. 1m2 pan on the main axis of the detector field of view. 6. 3. 2 OTHER facile HYDROCARBONS Typical ranges achieved with other fuels burning on 0. 1m2 pans, relative to that for n-heptane, are as follows Alcohol (Ethanol, Meths) Petrol 100%* 95% Paraffin, Kerosene, JP4 70%** Diesel fuel 52% * Test performed using meths in a 0. 25m2 pan. ** Test performed using paraffin.The detection range is also a function of pan area. product line trials using n-Heptane fires indicate that the detection range increases by approximately 20% when the pan area is doubled. 23 Note 6. 3. 3 When testing at the limi ts of the detectors range, the delay in response will vary due to the ambient conditions and may be significantly longer than the minimum response times, as described in 5. 6. GAS FLAMES The S200+ will not detect a hydrogen fire as it does not contain carbon. The S200+ will detect gas fires from inflammable gases containing carbon and hydrogen providing its flame produces flame modulation in the 1 to 15Hz ange. Fires burning a premixed air/gas mixture may be difficult to detect as they may produce little modulation. Tests show that an S200+ detector set to the 50m range will typically detect a 0. 8m high and 0. 2 sqm area methane/natural gas flame (venting from an 8mm diameter gas vent at 0. 5Bar (7. 5lbs/sq in) as below Range 6. 3. 4 30m 40m 50m Time to Respond 3 seconds 6 seconds 15 seconds DIRECTIONAL SENSITIVITY WARNING WHEN MOUNTING THE FLAMEPROOF VERSIONS OF THE S200+ DETECTORS, ENSURE THAT THE separate OF THE FLAMEPROOF GUARD INDICATED IN FIG.C-6 ARE NOT DIRECTED AT THE RISK AREA be PROTECTED, AS THE FIELD OF VIEW IS RESTRICTED. reflect COVER DO NOT MOUNT THE FLAMEPROOF VERSION OF THE S200+ DETECTOR WITH THIS PART OF THE GUARD (WINDOW PROTECTOR) DIRECTED AT THE RISK AREA BEING PROTECTED. RESTRICTED FIELD OF VIEW DUE TO WINDOW GUARD coat PROTRUSION 24 Fig. C-6 The sensitivity of the S200+ is at a maximum on the detector axis. The variation of range with angle of incidence is shown in (Polar Diagrams) Figs. C-7 and C-8 for open air tests using 0. 1m2 pan fires with the detector operating at normal range. 90 80 DETECTOR o PLAN VIEW 90 o

Things Fall Apart Study Questions.

Masbah Ahmed Period 6 12/23/12 better 1 1. wherefore does Achebe chose to the title of his invigorated from Yeats poem? How does Achebes literary allusion to Yeats poem faculty deepen or extendby coincidence and/or contrastthe meaning(s) of Achebes title and his brisk? Achebe chose the title because Things cling A contribution foreshadows the disaster which this novel portrays. Its deepens the compari boy by masking that thebook may be active how inner issues cause a commonplace end. 2. Describe Okonkwo, the protagonist of Things Fall A deviate. How does he model to achieve splendor as defined by his community and finis?How does he disaccord from Western heroes whom you atomic number 18 old(prenominal) with? Okonkwo was famous through kayoed nine villages and beyond because of this toughness. He was tall and huge with bushy eyebrows with a wide nose. Okonkwo achieves this sizeableness by defeating the greatest wrestler (Amalinze). He expressed his anger by using phys ical violence. He was nonhing similar his father Unoka. Oknonwo is divers(prenominal) from western heroes unlike the western heroes, he crystallizeed his fame by his authorized strength, he beats his wide if they disobey him, and he was proud of his father. 3. a) Descibe Unoka, Okonkwo s father?Unoka was tall and very thin. He was lazy, reckless, and quiet. He was a loafer, never gave back the m 1y he borrowed from mess and because of that everyone in the village swore not to give him any money. Unoka was a coward when it came to war and he could stand melody. b) What argon Okonwos feelings toward Unoka, and wherefore? Okonwo isnt proud of his father because of his father was a failure. Everyone in the tribe made fun of his father. His father was sc bed of blood and war unlike him, and Okonkwo thought a man should be steadfast like a warrior. c) How does the (negative) examples of the his father shapes Oknokwos uccess and character and actions? The failure of Okonkwos fath er turned into hate in Okonkwos substance and that hatred lead him to his success and he earned a title in his tribe. d) What do early descriptions of Okonkwos success and Unokas failure tells us just round igbo society? It tells us that people that werent favored and was wispy were played d protest at in Igbo society and people that were strong and successful were held high. e) How does one succeed in this cultural context? One clear succeed in this by victorious control of its family ( in particular wo manpower) and proving their strength. too by being honest and hard worker. ) What do we find out from the system of the victorious of titles? We learn that having title(s) earns you respect in the tribes. In order for someone to earn title(s), they must be successful and prove their strength. e) Who attends to be excluded from opportunities to gain such(prenominal)(prenominal) a success? People that argon excluded from opportunities ar people that are lazy and weak. 4. Describe who Achebes intended audience(s) might be. What is the work on you, as a Western reader and outsider to Igbo culture? How do Achebes language choices contribute to the novel? For example, proverbs are the palm-oil with which words are eaten. What does this mean? Ch. offers the story of the mosquito, one of several West Afri buns tales that explains why these insects buzz irritatingly in peoples ears. Can you find of any corresponding folktales told in your culture? What is the moral of the fable of the tortoise told in Ch. 11? What value do these stories reflect? Note that some stories are womens stories, and others are mens stories. Achebes intended audience might be some who isnt familiar with Igbo society. The effect Igbo society has on me is being amazed by their life style except the part where the men beats the women, other than that, the culture of Igbo society is classic and indescribable.I think this means proverbs are as valuable as palm-oil. I fatiguet think there are any folktales in my culture. The moral of the story is not to take advantage of people and be complaisant to them. These stories reflect Igbo societys culture, values, and love. 5. a) Describe the setting (time, place, culture) of the novel. The setting of the novel is around 1900s of Nigeria in the village of Umoufia b) How is social life create? Social life is organized found on you what you can do and you success, not on your ancestors. c) What are the important celebrations? Two important celebrations are the New Yam Festival and the week of Peace. ) What is the role of war, of religion and of the arts? Wars wearyt take place that easily. At head start they sift to come to a solution. Religion is a big part Igbo people. They religion the goddess of the earth and are always careful to avoid committing sins against her (god). Art is in general of playing drums and flute. e) What is the role of the individual in relation to the community of Umuofia? indiv idualistic relation to the community is having control and respect by proving his strength, and also his wealth. f) equate/contrast Igbo life ways, customs, perspectives, beliefs, and values of those of your own culture.My culture is nothing similar to Igbo culture. We beart celebrate New Yam Festival and we dont have Week of Peace unlike Igbo society does. 6. What effect does nighttime have on people in Ch. 2? What do they forethought? How do they switch with their fear of snakes at night? On dark nights, people are scared to go outside. They fear snakes. They deal with their fear by not going outside at night unless there is enough light. On bright nights, people enjoy taking long walks. 7. a) What the important crops? The important crops are yams, kola-nuts, mandioca, alligator peppers, corn, and cocoyam. b) What are the seasons? few seasons are the New Yam Festival, the planting season and the raining season. c) How does sharecropping work? A globe owner allows someone el se to live on his land and grow crops, and takes 2/3 of the crops as rent founderment. d) What are the masculine and female designated crops, and why? The male designated crop is yams, and the female designated crops are coco-yams, beans and cassava because yams are probably more popular. e) What is the relationship of women to floriculture? The relationship of women to agriculture is that women have to grow stuff just like men, but they can only grow stuff that isnt yams, they have to grow womens crops. ) In contrast to other (e. g. Biblical) representations of locusts as a terrible plague, how does the village contradict to the coming of the locusts in Ch. 7? The village excitedly collects them because they are intelligent to eat when cooked, in contrast to biblical representations the locust is seen as something expectant about to happen. Masbah Ahmed Period 6 01-06-13 8. What does her military force and status in Umofia invoke about womens role in Igbo culture and religi ous beliefs? afterward in the novel, note Chielos roles in the village (e. g.. in Ch6). What are those roles? What does Ch. 1 incident involving the non-Christian priestess of Agbala tell us about the value of the culture? What side of Okonkwo is revealed by his behavior during that long night? Chielos power and status suggests that women are well respected and draws the leader or advisor. Chielo was the priest of Agbala, the Oracle of the Hills and Caves. She was a mother of two. Incident involving Chielo reveals how loyal and dedicated people are to their culture by letting Chielo take Okonkwos missy in a late night they couldnt refuse owe to their fear, which clearly shows that they are willing to do whatever is necessary.This soft-side of Okonkwo was revealed and his weak-side. 9. Interpret this proverb, speak of Okonkwo When a man says yes his Chi says yes also. Trace further references in the novel to the chi. What role does Okonkwos chi play in shaping his circle? Trac e the other factors in Okonkwos case. What this proverb means is that a mans god will guide him and help him and he must accept what his does chi does for him. Okonkwos destiny was shaped by chi because it was his own chi, that he ended up fighting against and at last he lost. He thought that anything weak needed to be destroyed.He tries to choke any weakness within himself. 10. Compare Obierikaa man who thinks about thingsto Okonkwo. Note the Instances when Okonkwo fails to heed the advice of others, e limitedly of Obierika What are the consequences? Three times in Part1, Okonkwo assorts Igbo taboos what drives him to do so in each cases, and what are the consequences to Okonkwo, to his family and to his community? Okonkwo and Obierika are similar because they are both successful men in Igbo society. They are divergent because Okonkwo doesnt think or ask questions before doing something.Okonkwo would do anything to hide his weakness where Obierika shares his weakness, for insta nce he regrets taking the ozo title. Okoknwo didnt pay any heed to him and leads him counteract the custom of Week of Peace by beating his second married woman, and go outing taboos that caused the people to dislike him and his family leaving them with the fear of getting into a war for the solution of this conflict. 11. Describe Okonkwos relationships to his wives and children, especially to Ekwafi, Ezinma, and Nowye. What differing roles and functions do men and women have in Igbo society?What is Okonkwos spot toward women? Another African proverb states, It takes a village to raise a child. Compare/contrast the advantages and disadvantages in this social structure to our own family arrangements in the U. S. Okonkwos relationship with his wives and children is fearful nevertheless caring and loving. They all respect Okonkwo and scared of him to death. He expects his children to grow up like him. Okonkwo expects his wives to carry out duties thoroughly which includes cooking , feeding the children, cleaning the house and helping with the farming.When they do not fulfill all of their duties, he gets very angry at them and sometimes beats them. If he feels disrespected by his wives he beats them. His relationship with Ekwafi is special because she ran away from her husband to marry Okonkwo. Even though he loves Ekwafi, she suffered the roughly out all of his wives. To Enzima, he thinks that it wouldve better if she was boy because of hr qualities and genius. Also Enzima is the only surviving child of Ekwafi which made her more special to Okonkwo. To Nowye, he is really strict because he extremitys Nowye to grow up strong like him and carry on his legacy.In Igbo society, men are to be strong, successful and should be able to control their women. Women are expected to all the house works. workforce and women were given different crops to plant and their funerals were different. Mens funerals were more important the womens. Okonkwos attitude toward women is harsh and violent. He thinks they should do whatever he says or they will regret it. This proverbs advantage is that it helps a child to be successful when everyone helps and the disadvantage is that the child will become dependent on others. This is contrastable to the social structure in family arrangements in U.S. because its least likely for a society to help out a child because all they know is I, for myself. 12. What is the crime that causes Okonkwos to be reprimanded in Ch. 4? What does it tell you about the values of the culture? why, according to Ezeani, is wife beating considered even at times other than Peace Week? The crime is Okonkwo beats his wife violently because she came ingleside late and didnt cook any supper even though he wasnt hypothetic to hit her because it was the Peace Week. This shows that Igbo culture is practiced by rule and rigorously and is taken very seriously.Beating wife is seen as wrong even beyond Peace Week according to Ezeani because the peace should be kept to observe their goddess. 13. a. Briefly summarize the story of Ekwafi given in Ch. 5. b. What kind of woman is she? c. What do you think is the significance of women having to sit with their legs together? d. What is done to break the cycle of birth and death? e. What attitudes toward children does it reflect? f. How does Igbo belief in Ogbanje and the efforts to break the cycle of birth and death contrast to the egnima of throwing away of twins? h.Does Achebe appear to validate the belief in ogbanje? How or why? a. Ekwafi fell in love with Ikemefuna when she saw him wrestling. B. She was the beauty of the village. She ran away from her husband to marry Okonkwo. Ekwafi is the woman who goes after what she wants and she loves wrestling. C. The significance of women having to sit their legs together is it shows that they have self-respect and it is formal. D. To break the cycle of birth and death, they are supposed to find iyi-uwa and destroy it. E. Ekwafi priz es her daughter because she is the only child that survived.F. It reflects that she loves children because show lost many to neglect the one she has. G. The Igbo in ogbanje contrast to the enigma of the throwing away of twins by cleansing them instead of trying to drive the evil spirits away. h. He does attend to validate in his belief in it based on the depiction. 14. A. What is the place of the taking of Ikemefuna? B. How does he come to stay in Okonkwos home? C. What is Okonkwos relationship with Ikemefuna? D. Compare Okonkwos feelings to Nowyes affection for Ikemefuna? E. Why is Okonkwo disappointed with his son Nowye?F. How has Nowye begun to act like a man (Ch. 7)? G. What values does Okonkwo associate with manliness? h. How does Nowye relate to these values? i. What are the reasons and circumstances of Ikemefunas death? j. Why does Okonkwo act as he does, despite the advice of others not to participate in the killing of Ikemefuna (Ch. 7)? k. How does Nowye feel and (re)act ? L. Compare Okonkwos attitude toward Nowye to Konkwos attitude toward his daughter Ezinma (presented in Ch. 8). a. The purpose of taking Ikemefuna was regaining for the death of Umofian woman. B.Okonkwo took let Ikemefuna stay at his house because of the oracle. c. At first their relationship was like a master and slave but after it traded to a father-son relationship. d. Okonkwo likes Ikemefuna more than Nwoye because of the manliness lies within Ikemefuna. e. Oknokwo is disappointed with his son because Nwoye has the personality of his grandfather weak and soft-minded. f. Nwoye has begun to act like a man by doing masculine jobs, grumbling about women and listening to Okonkwos stories about bloodletting and violence. g. Okonkwo doesnt tolerate weakness in men. h.Nwoye relates to these values because he is outset to show interests in masculine works and continuing his dads legacy. i. Ikemefuna was killed under Oracles decision. J.. Okonkwo does along because he didnt want anyon e to think he is weak or appear weak to others. K. Nwoye looked at Ikemefuna as a big pal and the death of his older brother left him all alone he weeps for Ikemefuna. l. Okonkwo loves his daughter Ezinma more than his son Nwoye and he thinks Ezinma shouldve been a boy instead of a girl. 15. How are snow-white men first introduced into the story? Why might Africans suppose that they dont have any toes?What sorts of attitudes do the African express about white men? White men are introduced as unconnected explorers. The Africans suppose that they dont have any toes because they wear shoes. Africans looked at whites as weird, strange, and enemy of their tribe. 16. How does one-handed egwugwu praise the dead men? What do we learn from the depiction of the funeral ceremony? What tragic incident forces Okonkwo into exile? One-handed egwugwu praised the dead men by dancing while carrying basket of water. We learn that the funeral ceremonies are taken seriously. Okonkwos gun explodes and kills a boy accidently. 7. What are these internal conflicts? What part does the village leader Okonkwo play in the dissension? How does Okonkwo jeopardize his own authority within his community? The internal conflicts are Okonkwo beats his wife during Peace Week. He had to pay a fine for his action. Because of what he did, he irritates the Oracles. 18. In what ways can things fall apart be considered a response to depictions of africans in western literature such as joseph conrads heart of darkness or other images of africa portrayed in the westernvmedia,film,books, etc that you are familiar with ?How does Achebes novel correct such European depictions of Africa and Africans, and offer you an afrocentric sooner than eurocentric perspective? This book shows that actual culture of Africans(Igbo society) its totally different from what is written or shown on T. V about Africans based stereotypes. Achebe shows how the Africans are loyal to their culture and their religion by explain ing the events thoroughly. 19. What aspects to of pre-colonial Igbo culture does Achebe seem to question or criticize? How does Achebe use characters like Obierika, Okonkwo, and Nowye to offer such social criticism of Igbo society?How do the people of Umofia react to change? Achebe seems to question or criticize the consequences people have to pay when it wasnt meant to take place. He uses these characters to show they were treated and viewed by the society. The people in Umofia would be scared of changes since they were independent, especially with the nature. 20. Describe your initial cultivation welcome and response(s) to Things Fall Apart Part 1 as a cross-cultural encounter how are you responding to this exposure to traditional Igbo culture and people? Why do you think you are responding as you are?What seems most different and/or unlike to you? What seems most similar and/or familiar to you? My reading experience was astonishing. The Igbo culture is pretty interesting somet hing I want to look into. I am responding like this because I love learning about new cultures/religions it helps me understand peoples mind and their course of action. What seems foreign to me is unnecessary actions taken by the Oracle such as taking Ikemefuna and a virgin because of the crime Mbaino committed. What seems familiar to me is gathering during a festival.

Dickens uses language Essay

When Mrs Gradgrind passes away in chapter nine, fi last uses quarrel to create sadness. Victorians love sadness and catastrophe in harbours and the portrayal of her death is d sensation rattling emotion eithery. She is firstly described in the chapter as helpless and feeble to which the contributor empathises with her. All people hate to see people they love and cling to grow old and weak and demon is brilliant in displaying the type of this.The poor lady was neargonr accuracy then she ever had been This shows how Dickens disliked the utilitarian system, stating that Mrs Gradgrinds nearest point of truth was on her death bed. As well as showing Dickenss view, it also saddens the referee to know how close to death she is. On macrocosm told that Lady Bounderby had arrived, she retorted that she had never called Bounderby by that name since he married Louisa and that her picking of name for him was J. This will take the reader back to when she had no idea what to call him, and the memory is a nice one which once much get throughs it sadder that she is dying. It also shows that she has non changed and is still the woman she used to be. She seems to hand over no pulse, but when Louisa kisses her lapse, she can see a thin cheat on of life left in her.This description is again emotional as it shows how little life there is left in Mrs Gradgrind. Within the discourse between Louisa and her mother, Mrs Gradgrind often goes very silent for periods of time and has an awful hush on her face, like one who was floating away on just ab erupt great water and content to be carried carry out the stream. This intellectual piece of descriptions meaning is that Mrs Gradgrind is slowly allowing herself to be carried into the abyss of death. But Louisa recalls her to liveliness at what it was she wanted to speak to her about. The use of this river language is used again as Louisa again tries to stop her mother from floating away. Mrs Gradgrind is troubled because of what Louisa has not learned. She has learnt all the ologies from day until night but there is something that her father missed, She asked Louisa for a pen but even the power of relentlessness had gone. nonetheless so, she fancied that her request had been complied with and that the pen she could not maintain was held in her hand.From this she began to trace upon her wrappers. It is very sad to see how Mrs Gradgrind is finally seeing the truth and wants Louisa too to see it but she cannot tell her and the light that had always been so feeble and dim behind the weak transparency, went out The figurative language used to describe both her weakness and death creates a solemn, drab surrounding and although she was never made to be a character the reader was so fond of, it is still saddening that she has passed away. It ends with a quote of religious terminology from the Psalm, Mrs Gradgrind emerged from the shadow in which man walketh and disquieteth himself in vain.This qu ote has a definite platonic reference to it as in Platos coincidence of the cave, the prisoners who have seen shadows all their lives (which symbolise the visual world) needed to escape from the deceit created by their senses and find the truth. Throughout this section of the book, Mrs Gradgrind is said to be next to the truth then ever before and emerged from the shadow so the Platonic reference is defiantly there.Mrs Sparsit resented Louisa from the moment she accepted the proposal from Mr Bounderby. It had been her send off all along to marry Mr Bounderby but this had been taken from her and her envy towards Louisa was immense. In chapter ten, Mrs Sparsits envy and grief are shown to be getting out of restrainer and she, in her mind erects a mighty staircase that she believes Louisa to be on. At the bottom is a dark pit of shame and get around and down those stairs, from day to day and hour to hour, she saw Louisa coming.Her physiological unbalance can be seen as she become s obsessed with this ides, it became the business of Mrs Sparsits life, to look up at her staircase, and to watch Louisa coming down. If Louisa had once sullen back, it might have been the death of Mrs Sparsit in spleen and grief. Mr Harthouse was a big part of this scheme, as he seemed to be wooing Louisa and the more time she spent with him, the closer she got to the bottom. Mrs Sparsit had no intension of interrupting the descent and was animated to see it accomplished. She kept her wary gaze upon the stairs, and seldom so much as darkly shook her light mitten at the intent coming down.This scene does not bring sadness to the reader, but or else a certain amount of empathy to Louisa. She seems to be in the crossfire of everyone yet she is one of the most innocent of all. As she has rarely experienced emotions due to her ology fill bring up, she does not know how to react to Mr Harthouse who except in bounty as she believes he is being kind and honest to her. Yet his plan is to seduce her, and this is not out of love or passion, but to invest him a challenge to fulfil. Mrs Sparsit wants her to fall into a pit of shame and ruin out of her own jealousy yet again, Louisa has no knowledge of this and has through nothing wrong to provoke it.There is a definite repeat throughout the chapter of Louisas downfall from the top to the bottom of the stairs which shows that, although patient, Mrs Sparsit is in no way stable and is becoming more and more disposed to this allegorical image in her mind. She watches Louisa like a hawk, waiting for her to make a mistake and get nearer and nearer to the bottom.In chapter twelve, Louisa goes home to seek her father. The chapter is bares huge turning points in the book as it marks the spark of emotion ignite in Louisa and Mr Gradgrind see the hallucination of his system. The storm outside creates a pathetic fallacy with the mood privileged the room. Louisa is described as dishevelled, defiant and despairing which is a rape as she has never had such vast emotive descriptions until then in the book. She first states to her father that he has trained her from the cradle, It is sad to see that she uses the treatment trained instead of loved or cherished as it makes her choke more like a dog then a little girl to him. She then bursts out with I curse the hour in which I was born to such a destiny. Her emotions have been unleashed and she is now angry, in despair and confused of what to do.She is dishevelled and has returned home to question her father on her life and its meaning. This is not sad for the reader, but it is very traumatising for Louisa which again creates empathy for her as she has finally realised the error in how she has been brought up. She asks him Where are the graces of my soul? Where are the sentiments of my gist? What have you do O father, what have you done with the garden that should have bloomed once? This metaphoric language shows her outburst of imagination and her rec itation of fancy. She is asking him where is the love and emotion she does not have, and what he has done to stop her strive against every natural prompting that has arisen in her heart. Mr Gradgrind is so unprepared that he has difficulty answering and when he does, it is save to say Yes, Louisa.She goes on to say that she does not reproach him, as what he has never nurtured in her, he has never nurtured in himself. This creates a commode of respect and empathy for her as she is not condemning her father after all the years of no emotion and too much learning. It can be seen that this strive to teach him his errors is making an effect as he bows his orient upon his hand and groans aloud and calls her poor child, realising the mistakes he has made. She asks him whether he would have doomed her to a life of loneliness or robbed her of how she should have been had he nurtured her differently if he could see how she would turn out.She then states that if he had ignored and hated her , how better off she might have been as she would have been free. She has been won over to the world of imagination and fancy. Throughout the chapter, he moves to support her as she is letting herself out and he actually begins to bump her attention and love as a good father should. It is dry that his child who he has taught his system to is the child who shows how insensible it really is.To conclude, Dickens uses language and dramatic disasters to create sadness throughout the second book. In 1854, the time at which the book was written, people loved romantic tragedy and trauma which the second book has with both Rachel and Stephan, and Mr Harthouse and Louisa. The death of Mrs Gradgrind is another tragedy which Dickens portrays well and is very emotional. He uses the metaphor of life as a river in which we all just drift down until the end and these uses of language as well as others he uses throughout the book are methods which Dickens uses to sadden the reader. The final scen e in which Louisa lets out her emotions upon her father, condemning the day she was born and questioning his motives which lead her to be so dispassionate.